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WBI-工作行为问卷在打造高绩效团队中的运用 - 简书

工作行为问卷在打造高绩效团队中的运用 - 简书登录注册写文章首页下载APP会员IT技术WBI-工作行为问卷在打造高绩效团队中的运用半缸春茶关注赞赏支持WBI-工作行为问卷在打造高绩效团队中的运用开场

前些时候在线上课程中听到老师问:“三种人,一.”调皮捣蛋“的, 二.”专家“型的,三.”听话“的。谁最难管理?” 您的回答是?...老师回答是:专家型人最难管理,原因是专家型的人很难“转弯“。换句话说,他们个性强,唯我“逻辑”。我理解,不是说专家型人一定如何如何。说得是:受自我信念的限制,缺乏自我觉察的人,看不到更大更多的可能和选项。这样,在快速发展,激励竞争,充满不确定性的当今,不能较快调适,会使自己乃至团队甚至整个公司都会陷入管理僵化,士气低落,人&心流失,...的困境。我在辅导打造高绩效团队时,经常用到WBI-基于大五的工作行为问卷,帮助个人和团队洞察自我,快速成长。团队协作

著名管理大师兰西奥尼先生指出:团队协作就是要掌握一套特定的行为模式;只有那些克服了团队成员行为过度人性的团队,才能获得成功。如果每个成员都过多地以个人为中心,就会损害整个团队,使团队协作运转失灵。事实上,由于团队是由具有各种缺点的人所组成的, 团队就不可避免地带有其先天缺陷。我真的需要团队吗?团队协作很重要吗?平时我是怎样做得?所有成功的团队,团队协作一定非常好;所有失败的团队,团队协作一定很糟。既然团队协作如此重要,我们,特别是作为领导的自己在团队协作上投入了多少时间、精力、资源呢?克服团队协作五大障碍兰西奥尼先生在“组织健康胜于一切”的《优势》一书中指出的四项原则之首是:打造富有凝聚力的高管团队;其余三项是:建立明确性,不断传达明确性,强化明确性。这样才能在组织中使大家齐心协力,统一行为,朝向共同目标努力奋斗。基于大五的WBI-工作行为问卷在打造高凝聚力团队工作坊及辅导中的运用,有效地帮助个人和团队认知&觉察、发现自己和他人的个性/行为长短,善解他人,提升团队信任,掌控冲突。

WBI-Work Behavior Inventory工作行为问卷

WBI是基于大五人格模型的测评工具。目前,国际上公认的个性评估是基于“大五(Big Five)”人格理论模型。希典咨询梁开广博士率先于2002年从美国将WBI 引入中国大陆,WBI在中国有了近20年的运用,服务了大量的本土企业和个人,积累的大量经验。WBI 测试包含五大维度, 21项指标。 WBI 在招聘甄选、人才发展、职业规划、团队建设等方面的应用有大量实践证据和案例。案例一:在某大型国企领导团队“提升团队凝聚力工作坊”中运用WBI。公司是大型国有施工企业一把手是中央党校毕业的, 领导团队有十人组成,多半是项目经理,也有HR以及财务经理等。WBI在工作坊前、中、后都起到了重要的作用。

该公司领导团队 WBI 五大指标分布

整体上看,该团队特点是:偏外向,创新思维和计划执行较高,在协作/亲和&情绪管理方面较为分散。以外向性的四个指标举例来说:

团队在外向性维度分布

多数人外向、好说,而且特别喜好推销自己的观点、劝说他人接受;同时,多数人还强势主导。工作坊之前,结合团队成员平时的行为表现、团队面临的挑战,以WBI为参考,我作为引导师和团队领导对团队在协作方面的问题有了基本认识,快速了解了团队,使得工作坊更有针对性。之前还对每位领导团队成员进行了WBI个性测评报告一对一解读,对个别人进行了辅导。在工作坊中,按照克服团队协作五大障碍(FDT)工作坊 引导流程和经验,以及对团队的了解 ,以WBI提供的这些信息为线索,大家坦诚分析自己个性特点,认知并分享了,如:自己对团队协作最有贡献的及最有-影响的个性特点。如:就外向性维度指标,大家认识到:“我们平时吵来吵去、互不相让”、“谁也不服谁”… ,透过个性认知和分享,打开了自己,同时加深理解了同事。这为团队创造了真诚相处,不惧怕暴露自己缺点的相互坦诚的氛围。在WBI的其它维度上,大家对自己&对团队做了坦诚的反思。最后,在大家热情参与、积极讨论下明确了“个人行为改进行动“承诺,达成了发展建设性冲突的”团队冲突契约“。

个人行为改进行动

XXXX领导团队冲突契约

工作坊之后,大家定期回顾改进行为,并进行持续地改进。这个领导团队在总经理的带领下,大家畅所欲言、齐心协力,超额完成了2019各项指标。今年,鼓足了干劲,把因疫情耽误工期抢了回来。案例二 在某优质民企(上市前夜)CEO团队打造“高绩效团队工作坊”中运用WBI

当时,这家民企业绩持续增长,很可能马上上市。但董事会发现,目前该领导团队不像团队、没有团结协作,根本不能适应上市后迅速扩张的组织&业务。这个团队不仅是团队成员工作背景差异很大,可以说他们是“八国联军“,因为80%的成员来自不同的外企,而且团队成员的个性差异很大。工作坊前,对每位团队成员进行了WBI测评以及报告解读。我和CEO对团队及其成员的个性状态进行了分析,讨论了工作坊进行中的要求、可能的难点,明确了要达成的结果。以外向性为例,这个团队喜好快节奏,在社交方面互补;CEO与HRD对比发现:他们俩有时互补、有时相近,如在说服影响上,HRD更喜好推销他自己的想法和观点给比较慢热&内敛的CEO。

团队在外向性维度指标分布

工作坊中,虽然CEO要控制自己少批评他人,特别是批评HRD,但还是忍不住。好在我事先有了准备,及时引导,如: 先自我反思,后指出他人的问题。在对个人自己以及团队的认知和分享同时,大家还进行了“配对”认知、分享&反思,如:在尽责性维度,即计划执行上,发现CEO&HRD间的个性有差异但不是那么大(除遵从规则外)。HRD在主动性、可靠性,关注细节都偏低,且与CEO没有互补,在遵从规则上与之差异较大,两人均不关注细节,CEO经常给HRD补漏。

团队在尽责性维度指标分布

HRD表示:以后要多想想自己的问题…;CEO也表示能够理解并接纳HRD……在WBI及引导师帮助下,大家敞开心扉,畅谈自己在团队协作方面的优缺点,加深了自我觉察及对同事的理解。工作坊结束时,大家对加强团队信任的行为做出了承诺、制定了团队冲突契约,明确了团队主题目标-最重要的一件事,确定了持续推进团队协作行为的方法和措施。去年年初,该公司成功上市,当年股价涨幅超过1.5倍。

案例三:在国内顶尖互联网知识产权律所“打造高绩效团队工作坊”中运用WBI

在与享有很高专业威望的律所团队领导谈话后,我非常钦佩该律所领导打建团队的胆识与决心,因为一般律所都是以某律师vs某案件来运作,律师在大家眼里都是“冷冰冰“、”伶牙俐齿“的”单干户“。在律师界以团队形式运作是前所未有的。之前,在团队领导的带领下,已经运用兰西奥尼先生的团队协作理论在实践团队协作中。工作坊前,对团队领导及团队成员进行了一对一WBI报告解读;给大家展示了团队成员个性分布。工作坊前一天,请大家再次认真阅读、理解WBI报告中重要的潜在警告。工作坊中,大家以WBI为线索认知并分享了自己个性特点对团队协作的贡献与影响。

团队在WBI五个维度的分布

大家看到了团队成员在个性上的相同与不同,反思并分享了对自己的强弱项认知。大家分析了团队整体的强弱项,如:在亲和力维度,多数人更喜好独自工作,关心他人不够;大家分析复杂问题以及在创新上的个性特点。

团队在外向性、亲和力、经验开放性维度指标分布

工作坊中,结合在工作中的观察和感受,大家坦诚地交换了相互认知及个性、行为背后的真实想法。团队就推进团队信任&发展良性冲突,做出了个人行为改进; 大家热情直抒己见达成了团队冲突契约;团队所有成员清晰&明确了至年底团队的的“重中之重“目标-主题目标,并做出了承诺。之后,对个别人进行辅导,开始在思想上和行为上非常大的改变。WBI在打造高绩效团队工作坊有许多成功运用的案例如:某一安防设备公司领导团队。本来他们是想请我去给他们这个领导团队做“加强横向合作”的培训。经分析发现,根本原因是这支领导团队缺乏凝聚力,没有共同的目标和行为准则。所以,在去年十月初该领导团队举行了“打造高绩效团队”的工作坊。在坦诚讨论、反思自己的个性行为等活动后,承诺自己的行为改进,并达成了团队冲突契约;当场大家决定挑战年底销售目标,即再增加10%为团队的主题目标。在接下来十周内(至年底前),每周的公司周会上,围绕实现该目标回顾和行动,集体高效解决问题,最终,达成了以前不敢想的目标。同时, 公司领导团队成员不仅学会了怎样打造团队信任,掌控团队冲突,制定团队重中之重的主题目标,以及高效周会,还使得公司横向合作空前顺畅。

总结在打建高绩效团队中运用WBI:

工作坊之前1)WBI帮助团队领导及引导师了解每位成员的个性特点、团队整体异同及特点、理解可能的集体及个人冲突及所引发问题可能来源;2)解读WBI报告,作为引导师可以透过WBI个人报告对参与者有了解,可以同工作坊参与者交谈、认识,增强信任。3)对团队成员来说,帮助认识自己、自己的强弱项,特别是潜在优势及潜在警告。可以做出相应的行为改进行动,和/或IDP(个人发展/改进计划)。我目前在十几个团队中运用了WBI,解读过200余参试者。绝大多数的参试者都很认同WBI的测试结果,仅仅极个别的人提出了一些异议。产生这些异议的成因多是由他们自己在测试时的状态(接电话、不认真)或过于自负、和遮掩等相关。工作坊之中1)以团队五个维度分布图为线索,引发大家对团队整体特点(相同、互补等)认识、讨论、反思交流2)借助WBI五个维度上及具体指标,引发个人vs团队,个人vs个人的个性异同的思考,促进发展团队协作行为及形成掌控冲突的约定;大家能积极参与到明确并承诺取得团队目标等行动中。3)通过WBI对团队、对自己照镜子,使得大家认知自己的个性行为对团队的影响;帮助大家自我觉察,坦诚开放地对待自己的弱项,调适自己行为。工作坊之后1)对自己承诺的行为改进进行定期回顾, 落实IDP(个人发展计划)2)对团队达成的冲突契约、主题目标等进行定期回顾3)以WBI&同事反馈为线索,持续自我行为改进。需要时,进行个别辅导。WBI在个人发展方面的应用实例数不胜数。如,我团队一成员成功运用WBI做为“镜子“,使这位”技术专家“型、特别”自信“、总是”有理“的某专业培训经理迅速成长为受大家认可的亚洲区该专业能力发展负责人。简言之正如兰西奥尼先生指出的:企业最根本的竞争优势既不是来自资本实力、发展战略,也不是来自技术,而是来自团队协作;团队协作非常强大而且弥足珍贵;团队协作不需要高明的技巧和大师般的智慧,只需要勇气和坚持。在提升团队绩效及团队凝聚力工作坊前、中、后运用WBI作为一面镜子,在外向性、亲和力、经验开放性、尽责性、情绪稳定性等五个维度、在具体指标上揭示了团队及个人的潜在优劣,结合团队工作特点、遇到的挑战,使团队和个人能够“扬长克短“,促进团结协作,提升团队绩效,迈向卓越。最后编辑于 :2020.10.19 10:17:20©著作权归作者所有,转载或内容合作请联系作者人面猴序言:七十年代末,一起剥皮案震惊了整个滨河市,随后出现的几起案子,更是在滨河造成了极大的恐慌,老刑警刘岩,带你破解...沈念sama阅读 145,261评论 1赞 308死咒序言:滨河连续发生了三起死亡事件,死亡现场离奇诡异,居然都是意外死亡,警方通过查阅死者的电脑和手机,发现死者居然都...沈念sama阅读 62,177评论 1赞 259救了他两次的神仙让他今天三更去死文/潘晓璐 我一进店门,熙熙楼的掌柜王于贵愁眉苦脸地迎上来,“玉大人,你说我怎么就摊上这事。” “怎么了?”我有些...开封第一讲书人阅读 96,329评论 0赞 214道士缉凶录:失踪的卖姜人 文/不坏的土叔 我叫张陵,是天一观的道长。 经常有香客问我,道长,这世上最难降的妖魔是什么? 我笑而不...开封第一讲书人阅读 41,490评论 0赞 184港岛之恋(遗憾婚礼)正文 为了忘掉前任,我火速办了婚礼,结果婚礼上,老公的妹妹穿的比我还像新娘。我一直安慰自己,他们只是感情好,可当我...茶点故事阅读 49,353评论 1赞 262恶毒庶女顶嫁案:这布局不是一般人想出来的文/花漫 我一把揭开白布。 她就那样静静地躺着,像睡着了一般。 火红的嫁衣衬着肌肤如雪。 梳的纹丝不乱的头发上,一...开封第一讲书人阅读 39,028评论 1赞 179城市分裂传说那天,我揣着相机与录音,去河边找鬼。 笑死,一个胖子当着我的面吹牛,可吹牛的内容都是我干的。 我是一名探鬼主播,决...沈念sama阅读 30,611评论 2赞 276双鸳鸯连环套:你想象不到人心有多黑文/苍兰香墨 我猛地睁开眼,长吁一口气:“原来是场噩梦啊……” “哼!你这毒妇竟也来了?” 一声冷哼从身侧响起,我...开封第一讲书人阅读 29,383评论 0赞 171万荣杀人案实录序言:老挝万荣一对情侣失踪,失踪者是张志新(化名)和其女友刘颖,没想到半个月后,有当地人在树林里发现了一具尸体,经...沈念sama阅读 32,749评论 0赞 215护林员之死正文 独居荒郊野岭守林人离奇死亡,尸身上长有42处带血的脓包…… 初始之章·张勋 以下内容为张勋视角 年9月15日...茶点故事阅读 29,460评论 2赞 219白月光启示录正文 我和宋清朗相恋三年,在试婚纱的时候发现自己被绿了。 大学时的朋友给我发了我未婚夫和他白月光在一起吃饭的照片。...茶点故事阅读 30,814评论 1赞 232活死人序言:一个原本活蹦乱跳的男人离奇死亡,死状恐怖,灵堂内的尸体忽然破棺而出,到底是诈尸还是另有隐情,我是刑警宁泽,带...沈念sama阅读 27,255评论 2赞 215日本核电站爆炸内幕正文 年R本政府宣布,位于F岛的核电站,受9级特大地震影响,放射性物质发生泄漏。R本人自食恶果不足惜,却给世界环境...茶点故事阅读 31,752评论 3赞 214男人毒药:我在死后第九天来索命文/蒙蒙 一、第九天 我趴在偏房一处隐蔽的房顶上张望。 院中可真热闹,春花似锦、人声如沸。这庄子的主人今日做“春日...开封第一讲书人阅读 25,685评论 0赞 9一桩弑父案,背后竟有这般阴谋文/苍兰香墨 我抬头看了看天上的太阳。三九已至,却和暖如春,着一层夹袄步出监牢的瞬间,已是汗流浃背。 一阵脚步声响...开封第一讲书人阅读 26,114评论 0赞 170情欲美人皮我被黑心中介骗来泰国打工, 没想到刚下飞机就差点儿被人妖公主榨干…… 1. 我叫王不留,地道东北人。 一个月前我还...沈念sama阅读 33,747评论 2赞 234代替公主和亲正文 我出身青楼,却偏偏与公主长得像,于是被迫代替她去往敌国和亲。 传闻我的和亲对象是个残疾皇子,可洞房花烛夜当晚...茶点故事阅读 33,901评论 2赞 238推荐阅读更多精彩内容深夜书房142: 团队绩效教练教练通过培养团队成员的身份认同和创新精神,来发掘他们的潜能。 打造一个教练文化的团队,需要培养开放的心态和好奇心,...游游荡荡的鱼儿阅读 432评论 0赞 1敏捷团队如何实现高绩效 - 《团队协作的五大障碍》读后敏捷团队如何实现高绩效 - 《团队协作的五大障碍》读后 很多敏捷指导的书籍都提到敏捷团队要自组织,参与式决策和高效...王维强_敏捷实践者阅读 2,288评论 0赞 412个方法,手把手教你打造高绩效团队,小白也能做的到无论你是新经理还是老经理,你的团队一定会有一些问题,比如团队业绩不好,工作效率不高,没有学习氛围、离职率高或者团队...金旺大讲堂阅读 899评论 0赞 2反思《打造高绩效团队》课程开发2018年10月18——19日,我参加了公司“蒲公英杯”内训师技能大赛——综合管理条线的比赛。通过准备比赛、现场观...王文波ah阅读 460评论 0赞 1吟桃李杏桃李杏花艳阳春, 春风得意她衷情。 红白粉紫千万朵, 乐迎蜜蜂采花勤。 图片若有侵权可撤回来。因我拍摄的没这好。王成元阅读 618评论 9赞 26评论1赞22赞3赞赞赏更

arcgis 笔记 4:收藏的一些植被指数公式 - 知乎

arcgis 笔记 4:收藏的一些植被指数公式 - 知乎首发于arcgis 学习笔记切换模式写文章登录/注册arcgis 笔记 4:收藏的一些植被指数公式coming1宽带绿度——Broadband Greenness (5种)宽带绿度指数可以简单度量绿色植被的数量和生长状况,它对植物的叶绿素含量、叶子表面冠层、冠层结构比较敏感,这些都是植被光合作用的主要物质,与光合有效辐射(fAPAR)也有关系。宽带绿度指数常用于植被物候发育的研究,土地利用和气候影响评估,植被生产力建模等。宽带绿度指数选择的波段范围在可见光和近红外,一般的多光谱都包含这些波段。下面的公式中规定波段的中心波长:ρNIR = 800 nm,ρRED = 680 nm,ρBLUE = 450 nm。1) 归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index——NDVI)NDVI众所周知的一种植被指数,在LAI值很高,即植被茂密时其灵敏度会降低。其计算公式为:NDVI= (式1)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.2~0.8。2) 比值植被指数(Simple Ratio Index——SR)SR指数也是众所周知的一种植被指数,在LAI值很高,即植被茂密时其灵敏度会降低。其计算公式为: (式2)值的范围是0~30+,一般绿色植被区的范围是2~8。3) 增强植被指数(Enhanced Vegetation Index——EVI)EVI通过加入蓝色波段以增强植被信号,矫正土壤背景和气溶胶散射的影响。EVI常用于LAI值高,即植被茂密区。其计算公式为:EVI= (式3)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.2~0.8。4) 大气阻抗植被指数(Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index——ARVI)ARVI是NDVI的改进,它使用蓝色波段矫正大气散射的影响(如气溶胶),ARVI常用于大气气溶胶浓度很高的区域,如烟尘污染的热带地区或原始刀耕火种地区。其计算公式为:ARVI= (式4)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.2~0.8。5) 绿度总和指数(Sum Green Index——SG)SG指数是用于探测绿色植被变化最简单的植被指数。由于在可见光范围内,绿色植被对光强吸收,SG指数对稀疏植被的小变化非常敏感。SG指数是500 nm ~600 nm范围内平均波谱反射率。总和最后会被转化回反射率。值的范围是0~50+,一般植被区域是10~25。2窄带绿度——Narrowband Greenness (7种)窄带绿度指数对叶绿素含量、叶子表面冠层、叶聚丛、冠层结构非常敏感。它使用了红色与近红外区域部分——红边,红边是介于690 nm ~ 740 nm之间区域,包括吸收与散射。它比宽带绿度指数更加灵敏,特别是对于茂密植被。1) 红边归一化植被指数(Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index——NDVI 705)NDVI 705是NDVI的改进型,它对叶冠层的微小变化、林窗片断和衰老非常灵敏。它可用于精细农业、森林监测、植被胁迫性探测等。其计算公式为[7] [8]:NDVI705= (式5)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.2~0.9。2) 改进红边比值植被指数(Modified Red Edge Simple Ratio Index——mSR 705)mSR 705改正了叶片的镜面反射效应,可它可用于精细农业、森林监测、植被胁迫性探测等。其计算公式为[6]:mSR705= (式6)值的范围是0~30,一般绿色植被区的范围是2~8。3) 改进红边归一化植被指数(Modified Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index——mNDVI 705)mNDVI 705是NDVI 705的改进型,它考虑了叶片的镜面反射效应。它对叶冠层的微小变化、林窗片断和衰老非常灵敏。它可用于精细农业、森林监测、植被胁迫性探测等。其计算公式为:mNDVI705= (式7)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.2~0.7。4) Vogelmann 红边指数1(Vogelmann Red Edge Index 1——VOG1)VOG1指数对叶绿素浓度、叶冠层和水分含量的综合非常敏感。它可应用于植物物候变化研究、精细农业和植被生产力建模。其计算公式为:VOG1= (式8)值的范围是0~20,一般绿色植被区的范围是4~8。5) Vogelmann 红边指数2(Vogelmann Red Edge Index 2——VOG2)VOG2指数对叶绿素浓度、叶冠层和水分含量的综合非常敏感。它可应用于植物物候变化研究、精细农业和植被生产力建模。其计算公式为:VOG2= (式9)值的范围是0~20,一般绿色植被区的范围是4~8。6) Vogelmann 红边指数3(Vogelmann Red Edge Index 3——VOG3)VOG3指数对叶绿素浓度、叶冠层和水分含量的综合非常敏感。它可应用于植物物候变化研究、精细农业和植被生产力建模。其计算公式为:VOG3= (式10)值的范围是0~20,一般绿色植被区的范围是4~8。7) 红边位置指数(Red Edge Position Index——REP)REP指数对植被叶绿素浓度变化、叶绿素浓度增加使得吸收特征变宽及红边向长波段方向移动非常敏感。红边位置在690 nm ~ 740 nm范围内急剧倾斜波长范围,一般植被在700nm~730nm。REP指数的结果输出是在0.69微米~0.74微米光谱范围内,植被红边区域内的反射率的最大导数的波长。常用于农作物监测和估产,生态系统干扰探测,光合作用模型,和由气候或其他因素产生的冠层胁迫性。3光利用率——Light Use Efficiency (3种)光利用率指数是用来度量植被在光合作用中对入射光的利用效率。光的利用效率直接与碳吸收效率、植被生长速度和光合有效辐射(fAPAR)有很大的关系。1) 光化学植被指数(Photochemical Reflectance Index——PRI)PRI对活植物的类胡萝卜素(尤其黄色色素)变化非常敏感,类胡萝卜素可标识光合作用光的利用率,或者碳吸收效率。可用于研究植被生产力和胁迫性,常绿灌木植被的健康,森林以及农作物的衰老。其计算公式为:PRI= (式11)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是-0.2~0.2。2) 结构不敏感色素指数(Structure Insensitive Pigment Index——SIPI)SIPI用来最大限度地提高类胡萝卜素(例如α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素)与叶绿素比率在冠层结构(如叶面积指数)减少时的敏感度,SIPI的增加标识冠层胁迫性的增加。可用于植被健康监测、植物生理胁迫性检测和作物生产和产量分析。其计算公式为:SIPI= (式12)值的范围是0~2,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.8~1.8。3) 红绿比值指数(Red Green Ratio Index——RG)RG比值指数指示由于花青素代替叶绿素而引起叶片变红的相关表达式。可估算植被冠层发展过程,它还是叶片生产力与胁迫性的指示器,甚至可标识一些冠层的开花。应用于植物生长周期(物候)研究,冠层胁迫性检测和作物估产。RG比值指数结果输出是红色范围内所有波段均值除以与绿色范围内所有波段均值。值的范围是0.1~8,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.7~3。3.4冠层氮——Canopy Nitrogen (1种)冠层氮指数提供一种用遥感度量氮浓度的方法。氮是叶绿素的重要组成部分,具有高浓度氮的植被生长速度较快,冠层氮指数使用短波红外测量植被冠层中氮的相对含量。归一化氮指数(Normalized Difference Nitrogen Index——NDNI)NDNI是用于估算植被冠层中氮的相对含量。在1510nm的反射率主要取决于叶片氮的含量,以及冠层总体叶生物量。结合叶片氮含量和冠层叶生物量在1520nm范围内预测叶片氮的含量,在1680nm波长范围作为参考反射率,冠层叶生物量这个波长范围具有与1520nm波长范围类似的反射特性,而且1680nm波长范围内没有氮吸收影响。NDNI在植被还是绿色以及覆盖浓密时候,对氮含量的变化非常敏感,它用于精细农业、生态系统分析和森林管理。其计算公式为:NDNI= (式13)值的范围是0~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.02~0.1。3.5干旱或碳衰减——Dry or Senescent Carbon (3种)干旱或碳衰减指数是用来估算纤维素和木质素干燥状态的碳含量。干碳分子大量存在于木质材料和衰老、死亡、或休眠的植被,可以使用这些指数可以做植被着火性分析和检测森林的枯枝落叶层。干旱或碳衰减指数是基于纤维素和木质素在短波红外波段吸收特性而计算。1) 归一化木质素指数(Normalized Difference Lignin Index——NDLI)NDLI是用来估算植被冠层木质素的相对含量,应用生态系统分析和检测森林的枯枝落叶层。其计算公式为:NDLI= (式14)值的范围是0~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.005~0.05。2) 纤维素吸收指数(Cellulose Absorption Index——CAI)CAI可以指示地表含有干燥植被,纤维素在2000 nm~ 2200 nm范围内吸收特征非常敏感。应用于农作物残留监测,植物冠层衰老,生态系统中的着火条件和放牧管理。其计算公式为:NDLI= (式15)值的范围是-3~4+,一般绿色植被区的范围是-2~4。3) 植被衰减指数(Plant Senescence Reflectance Index——PSRI) PSRI用来最大限度地提高类胡萝卜素(例如α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素)与叶绿素比率的灵敏度,PSRI的增加预示冠层胁迫性的增加、植被衰老的开始和植物果实的成熟。可用于植被健康监测、植物生理胁迫性检测和作物生产和产量分析。其计算公式为:PSRI= (式16)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是-0.1~0.2。3.6叶色素——Leaf Pigments (4种)叶色素指数用于度量植被中与胁迫性相关的色素。胁迫性相关的色素包括类胡萝卜素和花青素,这些色素大量存在衰减植被中,这些指数不能度量叶绿素。叶色素指数应用于农作物监测、生态系统研究、冠层胁迫性分析和精细农业。叶色素指数要求反射率数据范围在0~1。1) 类胡萝卜素反射指数1(Carotenoid Reflectance Index 1——CRI1)CRI1对叶片中的类胡萝卜素非常敏感,高的CRI1值意味类胡萝卜素含量相比叶绿素含量多。其计算公式为:CRI1= (式17)值的范围是0~15+,一般绿色植被区的范围是1~12。2) 类胡萝卜素反射指数2(Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2——CRI2)CRI2是CRI1的改进型,在类胡萝卜素浓度高时更加有效,高的CRI2值意味类胡萝卜素含量相比叶绿素含量多。其计算公式为:CRI2= (式18)值的范围是0~15+,一般绿色植被区的范围是1~11。3) 花青素反射指数1(Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 1——ARI1)ARI1对叶片中的花青素非常敏感,ARI1值越大表明植被冠层增长或者死亡。其计算公式为:ARI1= (式19)值的范围是0~0.2+,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.001~0.1。4) 花青素反射指数2(Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2——ARI2)ARI2对叶片中的花青素非常敏感,ARI2值越大表明植被冠层增长或者死亡。ARI2 是ARI1的改进,当花青素浓度高时更加有效。其计算公式为:ARI2= (式20)值的范围是0~0.2+,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.001~0.1。3.7冠层水分含量——Canopy Water Content (4种)冠层水分含量指数用于度量植被冠层中水分含量。水分含量是一个重要的植物指标,较高的水含量表明健康植被、生长快及不易着火。冠层水分含量指数基于水在近红外和短波红外范围内的吸收特征,以及光在近红外范围的穿透性,综合起来度量总的水柱含量。1) 水波段指数(Water Band Index——WBI)WBI对冠层水分状态的变化非常敏感,随着植被冠层水分的增加,970nm附近吸收强度相比900nm处有所增强。应用包括冠层胁迫性分析,生产力预测与建模,着火威胁条件分析,农作物管理,以及生态系统生理机能研究。其计算公式为:WBI= (式21)一般绿色植被区的范围是0.8~1.2。2) 归一化水指数(Normalized Difference Water Index——NDWI)NDWI对冠层水分含量的变化非常敏感,因为在857 nm 和 1241 nm具有相似的反射率,但是又不同于液态水的吸收特性。应用于冠层胁迫性分析,在浓密叶型植被的叶面积指数的研究,植被生产力模型,着火性研究。其计算公式为:NDWI= (式22)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是-0.1~0.4。3) 水分胁迫指数(Moisture Stress Index——MSI)MSI对叶片水分含量的增加非常敏感。当叶片水分含量的增加,在1599nm处的吸收强度也增加,而在819nm处的吸收强度没有影响。应用于冠层胁迫性分析,生产力预测与建模,着火威胁条件分析,以及生态系统生理机能研究。与其他水指数相反,MSI值越大,水分胁迫性越严重和水分含量越少。其计算公式为:MSI= (式23)值的范围是0~3+,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.4~2。4) 归一化红外指数(Normalized Difference Infrared Index——NDII)NDII对农作物冠层的水分含量变化非常敏感,NDII的值越大表示水分含量越多。应用于农作物管理,森林冠层监测,植被胁迫性探测。其计算公式为:NDII= (式24)值的范围是-1~1,一般绿色植被区的范围是0.02~0.6。发布于 2020-05-22 20:09ArcGISArcMAPArcGIS Server​赞同 51​​5 条评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请转载​文章被以下专栏收录arcgis 学

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WBI是什么意思? - WBI的全称 | 在线英文缩略词查询

WBI是什么意思? - WBI的全称 | 在线英文缩略词查询

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WBI 是什么意思?

你在寻找WBI的含义吗?在下图中,您可以看到WBI的主要定义。 如果需要,您还可以下载要打印的图像文件,或者您可以通过Facebook,Twitter,Pinterest,Google等与您的朋友分享。要查看WBI的所有含义,请向下滚动。 完整的定义列表按字母顺序显示在下表中。

WBI的主要含义

下图显示了WBI最常用的含义。 您可以将图像文件下载为PNG格式以供离线使用,或通过电子邮件发送给您的朋友。如果您是非商业网站的网站管理员,请随时在您的网站上发布WBI定义的图像。

WBI的所有定义

如上所述,您将在下表中看到WBI的所有含义。 请注意,所有定义都按字母顺序列出。您可以单击右侧的链接以查看每个定义的详细信息,包括英语和您当地语言的定义。

首字母缩写词定义WBIWeb 浏览中介机构WBIWebSphere 业务集成WBI世界银行研究所WBI全身骨显像WBI基于 web 的教学WBI威奇托乐队乐器WBI将印发WBI怀俄明州行为研究所WBI福利 & 慈善机构WBI维纳交易所指数WBI西区锅炉入侵WBI赖特兄弟研究所

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WBI 签名 | BAC Document

WBI 签名 | BAC Document

BAC Document 首页 目录 贡献指南 相关社群相关社群 QQ交流群(综合技术交流) open in new window Telegram交流群(Github Bot推送) open in new window GitHub open in new window 首页 目录 贡献指南 相关社群相关社群 QQ交流群(综合技术交流) open in new window Telegram交流群(Github Bot推送) open in new window GitHub open in new windowWBI 签名 WBI 签名算法 Demo Python JavaScript Golang CSharp Java PHP Rust Swift # WBI 签名自 2023 年 3 月起,Bilibili Web 端部分接口开始采用 WBI 签名鉴权,表现在 REST API 请求时在 Query param 中添加了 w_rid 和 wts 字段。WBI 签名鉴权独立于 APP 鉴权 与其他 Cookie 鉴权,目前被认为是一种 Web 端风控手段。经持续观察,大部分查询性接口都已经或准备采用 WBI 签名鉴权,请求 WBI 签名鉴权接口时,若签名参数 w_rid 与时间戳 wts 缺失、错误,会返回 v_voucher(推测为内部记录错误请求的 ID 方便 Debug),如:{"code":0,"message":"0","ttl":1,"data":{"v_voucher":"voucher_******"}}

感谢 #631open in new window 的研究与逆向工程。细节更新:#885open in new window。# WBI 签名算法获取实时口令 img_key、sub_key从 nav 接口 中获取 img_url、sub_url 两个字段的参数。注:img_url、sub_url 两个字段的值看似为存于 BFS 中的 png 图片 url,实则只是经过伪装的实时 Token,故无需且不能试图访问这两个 url{"code":-101,"message":"账号未登录","ttl":1,"data":{"isLogin":false,"wbi_img":{"img_url":"https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/wbi/7cd084941338484aae1ad9425b84077c.png","sub_url":"https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/wbi/4932caff0ff746eab6f01bf08b70ac45.png"}}}

截取其文件名,分别记为 img_key、sub_key,如上述例子中的 7cd084941338484aae1ad9425b84077c 和 4932caff0ff746eab6f01bf08b70ac45。img_key、sub_key 全站统一使用,观测知应为每日更替,使用时建议做好缓存和刷新处理。特别地,发现部分接口将 img_key、sub_key 硬编码进 JavaScript 文件内,如搜索接口 https://s1.hdslb.com/bfs/static/laputa-search/client/assets/index.1ea39bea.js,暂不清楚原因及影响。打乱重排实时口令获得 mixin_key把上一步获取到的 sub_key 拼接在 img_key 后面(下例记为 raw_wbi_key),遍历重排映射表 MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB,取出 raw_wbi_key 中对应位置的字符拼接得到新的字符串,截取前 32 位,即为 mixin_key。重排映射表 MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB 长为 64,内容如下:const MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB: [u8; 64] = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

]

重排操作如下例: fn gen_mixin_key(raw_wbi_key: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> String {

const MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB: [u8; 64] = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49, 33, 9, 42,

19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40, 61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60,

51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52,

];

let raw_wbi_key = raw_wbi_key.as_ref();

let mut mixin_key = {

let binding = MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB

.iter()

// 此步操作即遍历 MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB,取出 raw_wbi_key 中对应位置的字符

.map(|n| raw_wbi_key[*n as usize])

// 并收集进数组内

.collect::>();

unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(binding) }

};

let _ = mixin_key.split_off(32); // 截取前 32 位字符

mixin_key

}

如 img_key -> 7cd084941338484aae1ad9425b84077c、sub_key -> 4932caff0ff746eab6f01bf08b70ac45 经过上述操作后得到 mixin_key -> ea1db124af3c7062474693fa704f4ff8。计算签名(即 w_rid)若下方内容为欲签名的原始请求参数(以 JavaScript Object 为例){

foo: '114',

bar: '514',

zab: 1919810

}

wts 字段的值应为当前以秒为单位的 Unix 时间戳,如 1702204169复制一份参数列表,添加 wts 参数,即:{

foo: '114',

bar: '514',

zab: 1919810,

wts: 1702204169

}

随后按键名升序排序后编码 URL Query,拼接前面得到的 mixin_key,如 bar=514&foo=114&wts=1702204169&zab=1919810ea1db124af3c7062474693fa704f4ff8,计算其 MD5 即为 w_rid。需要注意的是:如果参数值含中文或特殊字符等,编码字符字母应当大写 (部分库会编码为小写字母),空格应当编码为 %20(部分库按 application/x-www-form-urlencoded 约定编码为 +)。例如:{

foo: 'one one four',

bar: '五一四',

baz: 1919810

}

应该被编码为 bar=%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%9B&baz=1919810&foo=one%20one%20four。向原始请求参数中添加 w_rid、wts 字段将上一步得到的 w_rid 以及前面的 wts 追加到原始请求参数编码得到的 URL Query 后即可,目前看来无需对原始请求参数排序。如前例最终得到 bar=514&foo=114&zab=1919810&w_rid=8f6f2b5b3d485fe1886cec6a0be8c5d4&wts=1702204169。# Demo含 Python、JavaScript、Golang、C#、Java 和 Swift 语言编写的 Demo 。# Python需要requests依赖from functools import reduce

from hashlib import md5

import urllib.parse

import time

import requests

mixinKeyEncTab = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

]

def getMixinKey(orig: str):

'对 imgKey 和 subKey 进行字符顺序打乱编码'

return reduce(lambda s, i: s + orig[i], mixinKeyEncTab, '')[:32]

def encWbi(params: dict, img_key: str, sub_key: str):

'为请求参数进行 wbi 签名'

mixin_key = getMixinKey(img_key + sub_key)

curr_time = round(time.time())

params['wts'] = curr_time # 添加 wts 字段

params = dict(sorted(params.items())) # 按照 key 重排参数

# 过滤 value 中的 "!'()*" 字符

params = {

k : ''.join(filter(lambda chr: chr not in "!'()*", str(v)))

for k, v

in params.items()

}

query = urllib.parse.urlencode(params) # 序列化参数

wbi_sign = md5((query + mixin_key).encode()).hexdigest() # 计算 w_rid

params['w_rid'] = wbi_sign

return params

def getWbiKeys() -> tuple[str, str]:

'获取最新的 img_key 和 sub_key'

resp = requests.get('https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav')

resp.raise_for_status()

json_content = resp.json()

img_url: str = json_content['data']['wbi_img']['img_url']

sub_url: str = json_content['data']['wbi_img']['sub_url']

img_key = img_url.rsplit('/', 1)[1].split('.')[0]

sub_key = sub_url.rsplit('/', 1)[1].split('.')[0]

return img_key, sub_key

img_key, sub_key = getWbiKeys()

signed_params = encWbi(

params={

'foo': '114',

'bar': '514',

'baz': 1919810

},

img_key=img_key,

sub_key=sub_key

)

query = urllib.parse.urlencode(signed_params)

print(signed_params)

print(query)

输出内容分别是进行 Wbi 签名的后参数的 key-Value 以及 url query 形式{'bar': '514', 'baz': '1919810', 'foo': '114', 'wts': '1702204169', 'w_rid': 'd3cbd2a2316089117134038bf4caf442'}

bar=514&baz=1919810&foo=114&wts=1702204169&w_rid=d3cbd2a2316089117134038bf4caf442

# JavaScript需要 axios、md5 依赖import md5 from 'md5'

const mixinKeyEncTab = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

]

// 对 imgKey 和 subKey 进行字符顺序打乱编码

const getMixinKey = (orig) => mixinKeyEncTab.map(n => orig[n]).join('').slice(0, 32)

// 为请求参数进行 wbi 签名

function encWbi(params, img_key, sub_key) {

const mixin_key = getMixinKey(img_key + sub_key),

curr_time = Math.round(Date.now() / 1000),

chr_filter = /[!'()*]/g

Object.assign(params, { wts: curr_time }) // 添加 wts 字段

// 按照 key 重排参数

const query = Object

.keys(params)

.sort()

.map(key => {

// 过滤 value 中的 "!'()*" 字符

const value = params[key].toString().replace(chr_filter, '')

return `${encodeURIComponent(key)}=${encodeURIComponent(value)}`

})

.join('&')

const wbi_sign = md5(query + mixin_key) // 计算 w_rid

return query + '&w_rid=' + wbi_sign

}

// 获取最新的 img_key 和 sub_key

async function getWbiKeys() {

const res = await fetch('https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav', {

headers: {

// SESSDATA 字段

Cookie: "SESSDATA=xxxxxx"

}

})

const { data: { wbi_img: { img_url, sub_url } } } = await res.json()

return {

img_key: img_url.slice(

img_url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1,

img_url.lastIndexOf('.')

),

sub_key: sub_url.slice(

sub_url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1,

sub_url.lastIndexOf('.')

)

}

}

async function main() {

const web_keys = await getWbiKeys()

const params = { foo: '114', bar: '514', baz: 1919810 },

img_key = web_keys.img_key,

sub_key = web_keys.sub_key

const query = encWbi(params, img_key, sub_key)

console.log(query)

}

main()

输出内容为进行 Wbi 签名的后参数的 url query 形式bar=514&baz=1919810&foo=114&wts=1684805578&w_rid=bb97e15f28edf445a0e4420d36f0157e

# Golang需要 github.com/tidwall/gjson 作为依赖package main

import (

"crypto/md5"

"encoding/hex"

"fmt"

"io"

"net/http"

"net/url"

"sort"

"strconv"

"strings"

"sync"

"time"

"github.com/tidwall/gjson"

)

var (

mixinKeyEncTab = []int{

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52,

}

cache sync.Map

lastUpdateTime time.Time

)

func main() {

urlStr := "https://api.bilibili.com/x/space/wbi/acc/info?mid=1850091"

newUrlStr, err := signAndGenerateURL(urlStr)

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Error: %s", err)

return

}

req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", newUrlStr, nil)

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Error: %s", err)

return

}

req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36")

response, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Request failed: %s", err)

return

}

defer response.Body.Close()

body, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Failed to read response: %s", err)

return

}

fmt.Println(string(body))

}

func signAndGenerateURL(urlStr string) (string, error) {

urlObj, err := url.Parse(urlStr)

if err != nil {

return "", err

}

imgKey, subKey := getWbiKeysCached()

query := urlObj.Query()

params := map[string]string{}

for k, v := range query {

params[k] = v[0]

}

newParams := encWbi(params, imgKey, subKey)

for k, v := range newParams {

query.Set(k, v)

}

urlObj.RawQuery = query.Encode()

newUrlStr := urlObj.String()

return newUrlStr, nil

}

func encWbi(params map[string]string, imgKey, subKey string) map[string]string {

mixinKey := getMixinKey(imgKey + subKey)

currTime := strconv.FormatInt(time.Now().Unix(), 10)

params["wts"] = currTime

// Sort keys

keys := make([]string, 0, len(params))

for k := range params {

keys = append(keys, k)

}

sort.Strings(keys)

// Remove unwanted characters

for k, v := range params {

v = sanitizeString(v)

params[k] = v

}

// Build URL parameters

query := url.Values{}

for _, k := range keys {

query.Set(k, params[k])

}

queryStr := query.Encode()

// Calculate w_rid

hash := md5.Sum([]byte(queryStr + mixinKey))

params["w_rid"] = hex.EncodeToString(hash[:])

return params

}

func getMixinKey(orig string) string {

var str strings.Builder

for _, v := range mixinKeyEncTab {

if v < len(orig) {

str.WriteByte(orig[v])

}

}

return str.String()[:32]

}

func sanitizeString(s string) string {

unwantedChars := []string{"!", "'", "(", ")", "*"}

for _, char := range unwantedChars {

s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, char, "")

}

return s

}

func updateCache() {

if time.Since(lastUpdateTime).Minutes() < 10 {

return

}

imgKey, subKey := getWbiKeys()

cache.Store("imgKey", imgKey)

cache.Store("subKey", subKey)

lastUpdateTime = time.Now()

}

func getWbiKeysCached() (string, string) {

updateCache()

imgKeyI, _ := cache.Load("imgKey")

subKeyI, _ := cache.Load("subKey")

return imgKeyI.(string), subKeyI.(string)

}

func getWbiKeys() (string, string) {

resp, err := http.Get("https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav")

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Error: %s", err)

return "", ""

}

defer resp.Body.Close()

body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)

if err != nil {

fmt.Printf("Error: %s", err)

return "", ""

}

json := string(body)

imgURL := gjson.Get(json, "data.wbi_img.img_url").String()

subURL := gjson.Get(json, "data.wbi_img.sub_url").String()

imgKey := strings.Split(strings.Split(imgURL, "/")[len(strings.Split(imgURL, "/"))-1], ".")[0]

subKey := strings.Split(strings.Split(subURL, "/")[len(strings.Split(subURL, "/"))-1], ".")[0]

return imgKey, subKey

}

# CSharp无需依赖外部库using System.Security.Cryptography;

using System.Text;

using System.Text.Json.Nodes;

class Program

{

private static HttpClient _httpClient = new();

private static readonly int[] MixinKeyEncTab =

{

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49, 33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39,

12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40, 61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63,

57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52

};

//对 imgKey 和 subKey 进行字符顺序打乱编码

private static string GetMixinKey(string orig)

{

return MixinKeyEncTab.Aggregate("", (s, i) => s + orig[i])[..32];

}

private static Dictionary EncWbi(Dictionary parameters, string imgKey,

string subKey)

{

string mixinKey = GetMixinKey(imgKey + subKey);

string currTime = DateTimeOffset.Now.ToUnixTimeSeconds().ToString();

//添加 wts 字段

parameters["wts"] = currTime;

// 按照 key 重排参数

parameters = parameters.OrderBy(p => p.Key).ToDictionary(p => p.Key, p => p.Value);

//过滤 value 中的 "!'()*" 字符

parameters = parameters.ToDictionary(

kvp => kvp.Key,

kvp => new string(kvp.Value.Where(chr => !"!'()*".Contains(chr)).ToArray())

);

// 序列化参数

string query = new FormUrlEncodedContent(parameters).ReadAsStringAsync().Result;

//计算 w_rid

using MD5 md5 = MD5.Create();

byte[] hashBytes = md5.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(query + mixinKey));

string wbiSign = BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", "").ToLower();

parameters["w_rid"] = wbiSign;

return parameters;

}

// 获取最新的 img_key 和 sub_key

private static async Task<(string, string)> GetWbiKeys()

{

HttpResponseMessage responseMessage = await _httpClient.SendAsync(new HttpRequestMessage

{

Method = HttpMethod.Get,

RequestUri = new Uri("https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav"),

});

JsonNode response = JsonNode.Parse(await responseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync())!;

string imgUrl = (string)response["data"]!["wbi_img"]!["img_url"]!;

imgUrl = imgUrl.Split("/")[^1].Split(".")[0];

string subUrl = (string)response["data"]!["wbi_img"]!["sub_url"]!;

subUrl = subUrl.Split("/")[^1].Split(".")[0];

return (imgUrl, subUrl);

}

public static async Task Main()

{

var (imgKey, subKey) = await GetWbiKeys();

Dictionary signedParams = EncWbi(

parameters: new Dictionary

{

{ "foo", "114" },

{ "bar", "514" },

{ "baz", "1919810" }

},

imgKey: imgKey,

subKey: subKey

);

string query = await new FormUrlEncodedContent(signedParams).ReadAsStringAsync();

Console.WriteLine(query);

}

}

输出内容为进行 Wbi 签名的后参数的 url query 形式bar=514&baz=1919810&foo=114&wts=1687541921&w_rid=26e82b1b9b3a11dbb1807a9228a40d3b

# Java需要 hutool 依赖package com.example.demo;

import cn.hutool.crypto.SecureUtil;

import java.util.*;

public class WbiTest {

private static final int[] mixinKeyEncTab = new int[]{

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

};

public static String getMixinKey(String imgKey, String subKey) {

String s = imgKey + subKey;

StringBuilder key = new StringBuilder();

for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {

key.append(s.charAt(mixinKeyEncTab[i]));

}

return key.toString();

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String imgKey = "653657f524a547ac981ded72ea172057";

String subKey = "6e4909c702f846728e64f6007736a338";

String mixinKey = getMixinKey(imgKey, subKey);

System.out.println(mixinKey);

//72136226c6a73669787ee4fd02a74c27

//{

// foo: 'one one four',

// bar: '五一四',

// baz: 1919810

//}

LinkedHashMap map = new LinkedHashMap<>();

map.put("foo", "one one four");

map.put("bar", "五一四");

map.put("baz", 1919810);

map.put("wts", System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000);

StringJoiner param = new StringJoiner("&");

//排序 + 拼接字符串

map.entrySet().stream()

.sorted(Map.Entry.comparingByKey())

.forEach(entry -> param.add(entry.getKey() + "=" + URLUtil.encode(entry.getValue().toString())));

String s = param + mixinKey;

String wbiSign = SecureUtil.md5(s);

System.out.println(wbiSign);

String finalParam = param + "&w_rid=" + wbiSign;

System.out.println(finalParam);

}

}

# PHP来自SocialSisterYi/bilibili-API-collect#813open in new window

/**

* B站 Wbi 测试

* @author Prk

*/

class Bilibili {

private $mixinKeyEncTab = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

];

function __construct() {

}

public function reQuery(array $query) {

$wbi_keys = $this->getWbiKeys();

return $this->encWbi($query, $wbi_keys['img_key'], $wbi_keys['sub_key']);

}

private function getMixinKey($orig) {

$t = '';

foreach ($this->mixinKeyEncTab as $n) $t .= $orig[$n];

return substr($t, 0, 32);

}

private function encWbi($params, $img_key, $sub_key) {

$mixin_key = $this->getMixinKey($img_key . $sub_key);

$curr_time = time();

$chr_filter = "/[!'()*]/";

$query = [];

$params['wts'] = $curr_time;

ksort($params);

foreach ($params as $key => $value) {

$value = preg_replace($chr_filter, '', $value);

$query[] = urlencode($key) . '=' . urlencode($value);

}

$query = implode('&', $query);

$wbi_sign = md5($query . $mixin_key);

return $query . '&w_rid=' . $wbi_sign;

}

private function getWbiKeys() {

$resp = @json_decode(

$this->curl_get(

'https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav',

null,

'https://www.bilibili.com/'

), true

);

if (!$resp) throw new Exception('请求失败');

$img_url = $resp['data']['wbi_img']['img_url'];

$sub_url = $resp['data']['wbi_img']['sub_url'];

return [

'img_key' => substr(basename($img_url), 0, strpos(basename($img_url), '.')),

'sub_key' => substr(basename($sub_url), 0, strpos(basename($sub_url), '.'))

];

}

private function curl_get($url, $cookies = null, $referer = 'https://www.bilibili.com/', $ua = null, $proxy = null, $header = []) {

$ch = curl_init();

$header[] = "Accept: */*";

$header[] = "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7";

$header[] = "Connection: close";

$header[] = "Cache-Control: max-age=0";

curl_setopt_array($ch, [

CURLOPT_HTTPGET => 1,

CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST => 'GET',

CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => 1,

CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER => $header,

CURLOPT_ENCODING => '',

CURLOPT_URL => $url,

CURLOPT_USERAGENT => 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/102.0.5005.63 Safari/537.36 Edg/102.0.1245.39',

CURLOPT_TIMEOUT => 15

]);

if ($cookies) curl_setopt(

$ch,

CURLOPT_COOKIE,

$cookies

);

if ($referer) curl_setopt_array($ch, [

CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER => $referer,

CURLOPT_REFERER => $referer

]);

$content = curl_exec($ch);

curl_close($ch);

return $content;

}

}

$c = new Bilibili();

echo $c->reQuery(['foo' => '114', 'bar' => '514', 'baz' => 1919810]);

// bar=514&baz=1919810&foo=114&wts=1700384803&w_rid=4614cb98d60a43e50c3a3033fe3d116b

# Rust需要 serde、serde_json、reqwest、tokio 以及 md5use reqwest::header::USER_AGENT;

use serde::Deserialize;

use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

const MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB: [usize; 64] = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49, 33, 9, 42, 19, 29,

28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40, 61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25,

54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52,

];

#[derive(Deserialize)]

struct WbiImg {

img_url: String,

sub_url: String,

}

#[derive(Deserialize)]

struct Data {

wbi_img: WbiImg,

}

#[derive(Deserialize)]

struct ResWbi {

data: Data,

}

// 对 imgKey 和 subKey 进行字符顺序打乱编码

fn get_mixin_key(orig: &[u8]) -> String {

MIXIN_KEY_ENC_TAB

.iter()

.map(|&i| orig[i] as char)

.collect::()

}

fn get_url_encoded(s: &str) -> String {

s.chars()

.filter_map(|c| match c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || "-_.~".contains(c) {

true => Some(c.to_string()),

false => {

// 过滤 value 中的 "!'()*" 字符

if "!'()*".contains(c) {

return None;

}

let encoded = c

.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4])

.bytes()

.fold("".to_string(), |acc, b| acc + &format!("%{:02X}", b));

Some(encoded)

}

})

.collect::()

}

// 为请求参数进行 wbi 签名

fn encode_wbi(params: &mut Vec<(&str, String)>, (img_key, sub_key): (String, String)) -> String {

let mixin_key = get_mixin_key((img_key + &sub_key).as_bytes());

let cur_time = match SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH) {

Ok(t) => t.as_secs(),

Err(_) => panic!("SystemTime before UNIX EPOCH!"),

};

// 添加当前时间戳

params.push(("wts", cur_time.to_string()));

// 重新排序

params.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(b.0));

let query = params.iter().fold(String::from(""), |acc, (k, v)| {

acc + format!("{}={}&", get_url_encoded(k), get_url_encoded(v)).as_str()

});

let web_sign = format!("{:?}", md5::compute(query.clone() + &mixin_key));

query + &format!("w_rid={}", web_sign)

}

async fn get_wbi_keys() -> Result<(String, String), reqwest::Error> {

let client = reqwest::Client::new();

let ResWbi { data:Data{wbi_img} } = client

.get("https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav")

.header(USER_AGENT,"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")

// SESSDATA=xxxxx

.header("Cookie", "SESSDATA=xxxxx")

.send()

.await?

.json::()

.await?;

Ok((wbi_img.img_url, wbi_img.sub_url))

}

#[tokio::main]

async fn main() {

let urls = get_wbi_keys().await.unwrap();

let mut params = vec![

("foo", String::from("114")),

("bar", String::from("514")),

("baz", String::from("1919810")),

];

let query = encode_wbi(&mut params, urls);

println!("{}", query);

}

# Swift需要 Alamofireopen in new window 和 SwiftyJSONopen in new window 库import Foundation

import CommonCrypto

import Alamofire

import SwiftyJSON

func biliWbiSign(param: String, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {

func getMixinKey(orig: String) -> String {

return String(mixinKeyEncTab.map { orig[orig.index(orig.startIndex, offsetBy: $0)] }.prefix(32))

}

func encWbi(params: [String: Any], imgKey: String, subKey: String) -> [String: Any] {

var params = params

let mixinKey = getMixinKey(orig: imgKey + subKey)

let currTime = round(Date().timeIntervalSince1970)

params["wts"] = currTime

params = params.sorted { $0.key < $1.key }.reduce(into: [:]) { $0[$1.key] = $1.value }

params = params.mapValues { String(describing: $0).filter { !"!'()*".contains($0) } }

let query = params.map { "\($0.key)=\($0.value)" }.joined(separator: "&")

let wbiSign = calculateMD5(string: query + mixinKey)

params["w_rid"] = wbiSign

return params

}

func getWbiKeys(completion: @escaping (Result<(imgKey: String, subKey: String), Error>) -> Void) {

AF.request("https://api.bilibili.com/x/web-interface/nav").responseJSON { response in

switch response.result {

case .success(let value):

let json = JSON(value)

let imgURL = json["data"]["wbi_img"]["img_url"].string ?? ""

let subURL = json["data"]["wbi_img"]["sub_url"].string ?? ""

let imgKey = imgURL.components(separatedBy: "/").last?.components(separatedBy: ".").first ?? ""

let subKey = subURL.components(separatedBy: "/").last?.components(separatedBy: ".").first ?? ""

completion(.success((imgKey, subKey)))

case .failure(let error):

completion(.failure(error))

}

}

}

func calculateMD5(string: String) -> String {

let data = Data(string.utf8)

var digest = [UInt8](repeating: 0, count: Int(CC_MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH))

_ = data.withUnsafeBytes {

CC_MD5($0.baseAddress, CC_LONG(data.count), &digest)

}

return digest.map { String(format: "%02hhx", $0) }.joined()

}

let mixinKeyEncTab = [

46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49,

33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39, 12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40,

61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63, 57, 62, 11,

36, 20, 34, 44, 52

]

getWbiKeys { result in

switch result {

case .success(let keys):

let spdParam = param.components(separatedBy: "&")

var spdDicParam = [String: String]()

spdParam.forEach { pair in

let components = pair.components(separatedBy: "=")

if components.count == 2 {

spdDicParam[components[0]] = components[1]

}

}

let signedParams = encWbi(params: spdDicParam, imgKey: keys.imgKey, subKey: keys.subKey)

let query = signedParams.map { "\($0.key)=\($0.value)" }.joined(separator: "&")

completion(query)

case .failure(let error):

print("Error getting keys: \(error)")

completion(nil)

}

}

}

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世界银行学院在中国:伙伴关系的演变,从培训、能力建设到南南知识合作

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世界银行学院在中国:伙伴关系的演变,从培训、能力建设到南南知识合作

2013年9月25日

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在过去30多年里,世界银行集团的培训机构世界银行学院(WBI)为中国国内的能力建设提供支持,并协助加强中国的对外知识合作。观看幻灯片。

根据中国的发展与经济转型的需要,在过去30多年里,世界银行集团的培训机构世界银行学院(WBI)为中国国内的能力建设提供支持,并协助加强中国的对外知识合作。WBI针对省和地方政府官员开展了各种培训项目,培训内容包括项目管理、招标采购、卫生经济学、城市发展等。WBI还帮助中国与其他发展中国家分享发展知识经验。

挑战

中国从上世纪70年代末实现改革开放以来,许多部门存在的知识与能力缺口逐渐显现。在上世纪80年代和90年代,面对国内外基础设施投资大幅增加,对工程技术人才和项目管理、投资管理、招标采购等专业人才的需求日益迫切。同时,为了确保各地区的均衡发展,中国政府十分重视对各省市自治区、特别是偏远西部地区的大规模的政府官员培训,给他们提供最前沿的知识和先进的培训设施。此外,随着医疗卫生领域改革的不断深入,政府、医院及其他公共卫生机构也出现了对卫生经济学、卫生融资和研究方面的人员培训需求。最后,自本世纪初以来,应中国政府要求,世行在促进中国与亚非及其他发展中地区共享发展经验方面开始发挥更大的作用。

解决方法

在上世纪90年代,针对中国项目管理能力薄弱、管理人才短缺的问题,WBI的前身世界银行经济发展学院与财政部和清华大学联合组织了项目管理培训师培训课程,建立了项目管理培训网络,启动了中国可持续采购课程。

此外,中国政府于1991年建立了卫生经济学与卫生融资培训研究网络。该网络在初期阶段有7个培训中心,致力于政府官员培训、政策研究、政策改革建议,并建立了一个技术性对话平台。      

中国西部开发远程学习网(CDDLN)于2004年8月正式启动,作为中国西部地区高层政府官员的管理培训平台。世界银行学院为CDDLN的创立与发展提供了资金和技术支持。

世界银行学院开展的中非知识交流项目分为三类:中非高层经验共享项目、与商务部合作举办的中非共享发展经验高级研讨会,以及财政部或其他部委提出的特别项目。在所有WBI的项目中,中国政府的强有力支持与承诺是取得成功的关键因素。

成果

WBI举办的各种培训项目成果显著,其中包括:

项目管理培训培训者课程(1994-1999):

培训种子培训师18人、项目管理人员915人;

举办培训班33期。

中国可持续采购培训课程(2003-2006):

培训种子培训师11人、管理人员756人;举办采购培训课程18期。

截止到2009年,参加项目管理课程的从业人员约1万人。项目管理和采购培训对政府制定新的招标采购法律法规产生了一定影响,推动了国际承包商在华业务的不断扩大。

中国西部开发远程学习网(CDDLN):

覆盖中国西部地区的12个省市自治区,有本地教室78间和地区级远程学习教室48间。

每年可为西部地区培训人员23000人,包括实时视频远程培训13000人,在线培训1万人。

资源库拥有普通课件522课时、英文交互式课件325课时,并具备每年开发超过100课时网络教学课程的能力。

第一阶段(2006-2007年)培训人数超过7万人。

第二阶段(2008-2010年)中国政府自筹资金建设了更多的远程学习中心,显示出CDDLN的可持续性。

2011年,国家发改委宣布启动CDDLN第三阶段。 

中国卫生经济培训与研究网络(1991-2003):

19家成员机构;

组织培训课程48期;

培训高级管理人员1400人、学术研究人员700人、政策顾问40人。

部分课程被中国部分高等院校所采纳。 

分享中国的发展经验:

2008年-2011年共有41个来自非洲国家及柬埔寨的政府官员200多人参加了WBI合作举办的各种知识经验交流研讨活动。

参加人员纷纷表示这些交流活动有助于增强他们解决问题的能力, “变障碍为机遇”。他们的收获包括提高了制定规划和政策的技能和知识转让能力,更好地洞悉行业动态,提升了在制度变革领域的专业水平,对改革进程的速度与挑战性有了更深刻的认识。

参加人员能够所学知识付诸实践,从组织研讨会、准备演示稿和撰写报告,到制定政策建议、设计法律框架和实施具体项目。

" 我参加了2012年6月6日-7日在广西人才市场远程培训中心举办的“中国高等教育发展战略”培训班,这次培训班 的内容设计很好,很贴近高校实际。学员之间也有交流,最后的与专家的交流互动也做得不错。经过培训,我对高等教育的发展有了进一步的了解,对高职的教育改革也有了新的认识。 " 黄健

广西经贸职业技术学院人事处干事

世界银行贡献

WBI通过提供培训、能力建设和知识交流,成为世行集团在华业务活动的补充。具体而言,WBI为中国政府官员举办医药卫生体制改革、缓解气候变化和可持续城市管理等专题研讨会和知识交流培训活动。

WBI向中国介绍相关领域的国际专家,帮助中国的政策制定者和发展实践者与亚太以及其他地区的同行进行对接,传播中国的发展经验,同时也为中国引进其他国家的相关知识经验。

WBI长期以来在中国开展了富有成效的合作,同包括国家行政学院和清华大学在内的许多教育培训机构建立了广泛的联系,近期的合作主要是围绕远程教育和在线学习。

WBI帮助扩大和深化了世行集团与中国的合作伙伴关系,一个近期的例子是WBI与中国商务部共同举办的两届非洲基础设施建设发展合作高层研讨会。

合作伙伴

财政部及其下属培训机构;

商务部及其下属培训机构;

国家开发银行;

亚太财经与发展中心;

国家发改委培训中心;

中国国际扶贫中心;

卫生部及中国卫生经济培训与研究网络中的其他机构;

国家行政学院;

清华大学公共管理学院;

省市自治区及地方培训机构。

今后工作

展望未来,WBI将继续支持中国政府的南南知识合作重点,与世行中国局以及世行集团内的其他部门密切配合。WBI未来的课程预计将以城镇化为主题,比如通过编写城市交通案例记录中国的发展经验。此外,WBI将帮助推进中国的教育培训机构与国外相关机构之间的合作。最后,WBI将继续协助政府开展公务员培训和能力建设,编写和定制培训教材, 设计符合中国能力建设需求的在线学习课程。

受益人

黄健, 广西经贸职业技术学院人事处干事:

“我参加了2012年6月6日-7日在广西人才市场远程培训中心举办的“中国高等教育发展战略”培训班,这次培训班 的内容设计很好,很贴近高校实际。学员之间也有交流,最后的与专家的交流互动也做得不错。经过培训,我对高等教育的发展有了进一步的了解,对高职的教育改革也有了新的认识。”

李春江,巴中市委党校远程学习中心:

"世界银行学院在为中国能力建设方面做出了巨大的贡献和努力,每次的课程精心安排、聘请的都是各界的专家,让学员们学到了不少有益于工作的知识,对学员们的能力和素质提高有极大的帮助,从而实现以点带面,个体辐射群体的效果。"

赵 佳,中国国际扶贫中心(IPRCC)信息处 :

"我从2005年开始参加了WBI举办的6次培训活动。每次参加不同的培训都有不同的感受。总体说来,一是因地制宜,根据不同的培训主题选择最适宜它的教学方法,二是不断发展,每次培训都能接触到较新的知识分享领域的教学方式方法。帮助我开拓了专业视野,了解了减贫发展领域的前沿知识,掌握了各种先进的学习工具、方式方法等。"

10,000

截止到2009年,参加项目管理课程的从业人员约1万人。

相关内容

专题报道中国和非洲:“南南交流”的新高度网站世界银行学院网站专题世界银行学院面向中国开展城市化远程教育

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World Bank Institute in China: Evolving Partnership on Learning, Capacity Development and South-South Knowledge Exchange

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World Bank Institute in China: Evolving Partnership on Learning, Capacity Development and South-South Knowledge Exchange

September 25, 2013

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The World Bank Institute (WBI) supported China’s domestic capacity development and knowledge partnership with other countries over the last three decades. Watch the slideshow.

In response to the country’s needs in development and economic transformation, and at the request of the government, the World Bank Institute (WBI), the training arm of the World Bank Group (WBG), supported China’s domestic capacity development and knowledge partnership with other countries over the last three decades.

WBI provided a variety of learning and training programs targeted at provincial and local government officials, covering a range of themes from project management and procurement to health economics and urban development. It has also helped China share its development knowledge and experience with the rest of the world.

Challenge

The economic transformation launched in China in the late 1970s revealed capacity and knowledge gaps in many sectors. With increasing international and domestic investments in infrastructure in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a growing demand for hundreds of thousands of engineers and other personnel skilled in the areas of project management and procurement. To ensure balanced regional development, the Chinese government put a strong emphasis on large scale training of public officials from the provinces, particularly from the remote Western Region, aimed to provide them with access to the state of the art knowledge and learning facilities. Furthermore, as the health sector reform progressed, there arose a need in the government, hospitals and other public health institutions for training of human resources in health economics, health financing and research capabilities. In addition, since the early 2000s, the World Bank was invited to play a role in facilitating sharing China’s development experience with other developing countries in Asia, Africa and beyond.

Solution

In order to address the capacity constraints in the area of project management, the Economic Development Institute - precursor to today’s WBI - partnered with the Chinese Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Tsinghua University in the 1990s to (i) deliver the Project Management Training of Trainers Program; (ii) establish the Network for Project Management Training; and (iii) launch the China Sustainable Procurement Program.

In 1991 the Chinese Government established the China Network for Training and Research in Health Economics and Financing. Initially, it was comprised of seven centers to provide training to government officials, conduct policy research, advise on policy reforms and provide a platform for technical dialogue.           

The China Development Distance Learning Network (CDDLN) was officially launched in August 2004 to serve as a platform for managerial training of high-level government officials from the Western Regions. WBI provided financial and technical support to the creation and development of the CDDLN.

Finally, WBI has implemented the China-Africa Knowledge Exchange program which falls under three categories: the annual China-Africa High-Level Experience Sharing Program; workshops jointly organized with the Ministry of Commerce; and special initiatives driven by requests from MOF or other line ministries. In all of the WBI programs, the strong support and commitment of the Chinese government has proved to be a key success factor.

Results

Project Management Training of Trainers Program (1994-1999):

18 “seed” teachers and 915 managers trained; and

33 training courses conducted.

China Sustainable Procurement Program (2003-2006):

11 “seed” teachers and 756 managers trained; and

18 procurement trainings conducted.

By 2009, some 10,000 practitioners enrolled in project management courses. The project management and procurement training contributed to the development of new rules and regulation governing public procurement, which in turn contributed to expanding international contractors in China.

China Development Distance Learning Network (CDDLN):

The network covers 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China’s Western Regions; and has 78 local classrooms and 48 prefectural distance learning classrooms.

The network can annually offer training for 23,000 participants from Western China, including 13,000 trained via real-time network and 10,000 through online learning.

The resource pool includes 522 class hours of common courseware and 325 class hours of interactive courseware in English; additionally, it has capacity to develop more than 100 hours of network teaching courses every year.

In the first phase (2006-2007), more than 70,000 people were trained.

In the second phase (2008-2010), the Chinese government constructed more distance learning centers independently, which demonstrates sustainability of the network beyond donors’ exit.

CDDLN currently draws nearly 100 organizations and 1,000 experts.

In 2010, the NDRC announced initiating the third phase of the project.

China Network for Training and Research in Health Economics and Financing (1991-2003):

19 member institutions;

48 courses offered;

1,400 executives, 700 academics and 40 policy advisors trained; and

Some courses adopted into the curriculum of some Chinese universities.

Sharing China’s development experience with the rest of the world:

More than 200 public officials from 41 African countries and Cambodia participated in the various knowledge sharing events co-organized by WBI between 2008 and 2011;

Participants felt that the exchange programs helped improve their ability to solve problems and “turn barriers into opportunities.” They acquired: greater skills in program and policy development; greater ability to transfer knowledge; greater insight into sector dynamics; greater professional enhancement in the area of institutional change; and greater insight into the pace and challenge of the reform process.

The participants were enabled to apply the knowledge to a range of actions from organizing workshops, making presentations and preparing reports to developing policy recommendations, designing legal framework, and reviewing and implementing specific projects.

" The training program on higher education development strategy that I attended was well designed and relevant to the reality in China. The participants could learn from each other, and interact with the experts. Through the program, I gained a better understanding of higher education development and reform. " Huang Jian

HR Officer, Guangxi Economic and Trade Polytechnic

Bank Group Contribution

WBI complements the World Bank Group’s program in China by delivering capacity development, learning and knowledge exchange. Specifically, WBI organizes workshops and knowledge exchange and training programs for government officials in areas such as health system reform, climate change mitigation, or sustainable urban management.

WBI brings international experts in particular areas of interest and connects Chinese practitioners and policymakers to their counterparts in and beyond the East Asia and the Pacific region, sharing success stories from China’s development, as well as introducing relevant knowledge and experience from other countries.

Throughout its long and fruitful engagement with China, WBI has developed a broad network of domestic knowledge institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Governance or Tsinghua University, most recently around the topic of distance and e-learning.

Finally, WBI provides opportunities for the WBG to broaden its partnership and engagement in China. A recent example is the collaboration with the Ministry of Commerce in two high-level workshops on international development cooperation and infrastructure development in Africa.

Partners

Ministry of Finance and its affiliated training institutions

Ministry of Commerce and its affiliated training institutions

China Development Bank

Asia Pacific Finance and Development Center

Training Center of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

The International Poverty Reduction Center in China (IPRCC)

Ministry of Health and other agencies in the China Health Economics Network

National Academy of Governance (NAG)

Tsinghua University School of Public Policy and Management

Provincial and local level educational and training institutions 

Moving Forward 

Going forward, WBI will continue to support south-south knowledge exchange priorities of the Chinese government, working closely with the China Country team and other units within WBG.  It is envisaged that priority themes of WBI’s future program will center on urbanization – for instance, WBI will help document China’s development experience by drafting case studies in urban transport. Furthermore, WBI will help foster partnerships between Chinese institutions and their counterparts and knowledge institutions in other countries. Finally, WBI will support the government in training and capacity development of civil servants, by creating and customizing learning content and designing an e-learning program which will be suitable and responding to Chinese capacity development needs. 

Beneficiaries 

“The training program on higher education development strategy that I attended was well designed and relevant to the reality in China. The participants could learn from each other, and interact with the experts. Through the program, I gained a better understanding of higher education development and reform.” -  Huang Jian, HR Officer, Guangxi Economic and Trade Polytechnic 

“WBI has made great efforts and contribution to capacity development in China. Every course is carefully arranged and taught by sector experts.  Participants can learn a lot of knowledge which benefits their work and helps improve their ability and competence. ” -  Li Chunjiang, Bazhong City Party School Distance Learning Center

“I’ve participated in six training events since 2005. And every time I came away with different feelings. Generally, the course was based on local conditions and appropriate teaching approach was selected according to the topic.  And the courses were updated frequently so that participants could access the latest knowledge and skills. This helped broaden my professional perspective, gain frontier knowledge in poverty reduction, and grasp the state of the art learning tools and methods. ” -  Zhao Jia, Deputy Director, Information Division, IPRCC

10,000

By 2009, some 10,000 practitioners enrolled in project management courses.

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Worldwide Governance Indicators | DataBank

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Worldwide Governance Indicators

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Custom Country

The Custom Country option allows you to create your own customized

country groups from country selection panel.

Click on Custom Country. A new box will open. Click on the desired countries listed

in the country selection panel. Enter the group name in the Enter Group Title box

and click on Add. The new country group will be added to the right panel.

To edit an existing country group, click on the Edit link in the current selection

panel in right side. Now you can add new countries or remove the countries to an

existing customized group.

1. Click on the additional countries listed in the country selection panel.

2. To remove the country from the group double click on the country or select the

country and click Remove button.

3. Click on Add to save changes to your customized group.

Note: Editing the group name will create a new custom group.

You can remove the customized group by clicking on the Delete button 

in the current selection panel in right side

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+

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-

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*

(

0

)

/

LOG

LN

PWR

,

AGR

NA

DEL

.

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Clr

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Validate

Aggregation Rule

Defines the methodologies to be used when deriving custom aggregates. These rules

apply only to custom country groups you have created! Learn More »

Define Aggregation Rule

Apply Same rule for all indicators

Set rule for each indicator

Indicator

Rule

Weighted Indicator

%

All

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Mean

Median

Min

Sum

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Indicator

Rule

Weighted Indicator

%

×

Custom Indicator

myDataBank allows you to derive your own Custom Indicators from existing series.

Click on Custom Indicators. Choose input indicators by clicking on the desired series in the panel and use the calculator functions to construct your custom indicator formula.

For example, for a series that shows the percentage of female population, double-click on the series Population, Female. Then create a formula by clicking*100/ from the key pad.

Then double click on the series Population, Total.

After the formula is complete, you can verify its syntax by clicking the Validate button.

Give a name to your custom indicator and click on Add.

Similarly you can create custom indicators such as GDP per Capita as GDP/Population, and annual growth rates for population as AGR(Population, Total), etc.

To have "not available" values in the database treated as zero within your formula, use the NA function.

Later if you wish to see or change the formula for an indicator you have created, from the right side current selection panel click the Edit.

Use the DEL key to delete the last entry and step backwards to edit the formula. Click the Clear button to erase the custom indicator formula.

Note: Validation will verify a formula for proper syntax only.

Derived indicators may yield inappropriate results and caution should be observed.

You can remove the customized indicators by clicking on the Delete button  in the current selection panel in right side

Close

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Aggregation Rule

The Aggregation Rules function defines the methodologies to be used when deriving custom aggregates.

These rules apply only to custom country groups you have created.

They do not apply to official groups presented in your selected database.

For each selected series, choose your Aggregation Rule and

Weight Indicator (if needed) from the corresponding drop-down boxes.

Check the Apply to all box if you wish to use the same methodology for all selected series.

Aggregation Rules include:

1. Max: Aggregates are set to the highest available value for each time period.

2. Mean: Aggregates are calculated as the average of available data for each time period.

3. Mean 66: Aggregates are calculated as the average of available data for each time period. Values are not shown if more than one third of the observations in the series are missing.

4. Median: Aggregates are calculated as the median of available data for each time period.

5. Median 66: Aggregates are calculated as the median of available data for each time period. Values are not computed if more than a third of the observations in the series are missing.

6. Min: Aggregates are set to the lowest available value for each time period.

7. Sum: Aggregates are calculated as the sum of available data for each time period.

8. Sum 66: Aggregates are calculated as the sum of available data for each time period. Sums are not shown if more than one third of the observations in the series are missing.

9. Weighted Mean: Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period. Select an appropriate weight variable (GNI, population, GDP, exports, imports, labor force or land area) from the Weight Indicator box, as shown above.

10. Weighted Mean 66: Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period. No aggregate is shown if missing data account for more than one third of the observations in the series. Select an appropriate weight variable (GNI, population, GDP, exports, imports, labor force or land area) from the Weight Indicator box, as shown above.

11. Weighted Mean 66POP: Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period. No aggregate is shown if countries with missing data represent more than one third of the total population of your custom group. Select an appropriate weight variable (GNI, population, GDP, exports, imports, labor force or land area) from the Weight Indicator box, as shown above.

Note 1: In none of the above methodologies are missing values imputed. Therefore, aggregates for groups of economies should be treated as approximations of unknown totals or average values.

Note 2: Aggregation results apply only to your custom-defined groups and do not reflect official World Bank aggregates based on regional and income classification of economies. Results may be inappropriate (e.g., summing series expressed as a percentage) and caution should be observed when using this function.

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Type

Exponential growth rate

Least squares growth rate

Geometric growth rate

Average

Median

Maximum

Minimum

Standard deviation

Sum

Variance

Most recent value

MRV (with year-Right)

MRV (with year-Left)

Dynamic period

Span

From

To

Order

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth

Nineth

Tenth

Label

Total periods

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Latest period

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-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10

(Optional)

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Display function definition

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Functions

To perform mathematical functions on the data over a specified time period, choose the type of operation from the dropdown menu, and then choose your time period. Give a name to your custom function and click Add. Note: The operation will be performed on all selected series. You should be aware that some results may be inappropriate (e.g., growth rates on current price series).

Exponential growth rate: the growth rate, r, between two points in time calculated from the equation r = ln(pn/p0)/n, where pn and p0 are the last and first observations in the period, n is the number of years in the period range, and ln is the natural logarithm operator. This growth rate is based on a model of continuous, exponential growth between two points in time. It does not take into account the intermediate values of the series.

Least-squares growth rate: the growth rate estimated by fitting a linear regression trend line to the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the relevant period. No growth rate is calculated if more than half the observations in a period are missing. The calculated growth rate is an average rate that is representative of the available observations over the entire period. It does not necessarily match the actual growth rate between any two periods.

Geometric growth rate: the growth rate over n periods calculated as r = exp[ln(pn/p0)/n] - 1. It is applicable to compound growth over discrete periods. Like the exponential growth rate, it does not take into account intermediate values of the series.

Average (or mean): the sum of values in the period divided by the number of values. Observations that are not available are ignored, however zero values are included.

Median: the middle value in the period.

Maximum: the highest value in the period.

Minimum: the lowest value in the period.

Standard deviation: the square root of the variance. Standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).

Sum: the sum of the values in the period.

Variance: the mean of all squared deviations from the mean.

Most recent value: The most recent value (MRV) function will display a value in the specified year range according to the selected order (observation sequence). The default order is "First" which will display the most recent value available in the period. Selecting a different order, such as "Second" for example, will display the second-most recent value in the period, etc. MRV options are also available to display the year of the data, either to the left or right of the data value.

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P

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S

TU

V

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Z

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Drag to rearrange the orderTime

Column

Row

Page

Series

Column

Row

Page

Country

Column

Row

Page

Display

Rows per page

50

100

250

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Format Numbers

NA preference

..

Blank

NA

#N/A

Scale

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0

0.0

0.00

0.000

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1 periods

2 periods

3 periods

4 periods

5 periods

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8 periods

9 periods

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        Data for admin level 1 are not comparable

across countries. Choose one country at a time to plot chart and maps.

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OK. Please select remaining variables to continue.

Please click on Apply Changes to view the report.

Please select variables from each of the following dimensions to view a report. You can select from left panel or by clicking the links above.

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Selections have been modified. Click on "Apply Changes" at any time to refresh the report with the changes made. Otherwise, click on "Cancel" to go back to previous selections.

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Custom Country

The Custom Country option allows you to create your own customized country groups

from country selection panel.

Click on Custom Country. A new box will open. Click on the desired countries listed

in the country selection panel. Enter the group name in the Enter Group Title box

and click on Add. The new country group will be added to the right panel.

To edit an existing country group, click on the Edit link in the current selection

panel in right side.

Now you can add new countries or remove the countries to an existing customized

group. 1. Click on the additional countries listed in the country selection panel.

2. To remove the country from the group double click on the country or select the

country and click Remove button. 3. Click on Add to save changes to your customized

group. Note: Editing the group name will create a new custom group. You can remove

the customized group by clicking on the Delete button in the current selection panel

in right side

Close

×

Custom Indicator

myDataBank allows you to derive your own Custom Indicators from existing

series.

Click on Custom Indicators. Choose input indicators by clicking on the desired series

in the panel and use the calculator functions to construct your custom indicator

formula.

For example, for a series that shows the percentage of female population, double-click

on the series Population, Female. Then create a formula by clicking*100/ from the

key pad. Then double click on the series Population, Total.

After the formula is complete, you can verify its syntax by clicking the

">

Validate icon. Give a name to your custom indicator and click on Add.

Similarly you can create custom indicators such as GDP per Capita as GDP/Population,

and annual growth rates for population as AGR(Population, Total), etc. To have "not

available" values in the database treated as zero within your formula, use the NA

function.

Close

×

Aggregation Rule

The Aggregation Rules function defines the methodologies to be

used when deriving custom aggregates. These rules apply only to custom country groups

you have created. They do not apply to official groups presented in your selected

database.

For each selected series, choose your Aggregation Rule and

Weight Indicator (if needed) from the corresponding drop-down boxes.

Check the Apply to all box if you wish to use the same methodology for all selected

series.

Aggregation Rules include:

1. Max: Aggregates

are set to the highest available value for each time period.

2. Mean: Aggregates

are calculated as the average of available data for each time period.

3. Mean 66: Aggregates

are calculated as the average of available data for each time period. Values are

not shown if more than one third of the observations in the series are missing.

4. Median: Aggregates

are calculated as the median of available data for each time period.

5. Median 66:

Aggregates are calculated as the median of available data for each time period.

Values are not computed if more than a third of the observations in the series are

missing.

6. Min: Aggregates

are set to the lowest available value for each time period.

7. Sum: Aggregates

are calculated as the sum of available data for each time period.

8. Sum 66: Aggregates

are calculated as the sum of available data for each time period. Sums are not shown

if more than one third of the observations in the series are missing.

9. Weighted Mean:

Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period.

Select an appropriate weight variable (GNI, population, GDP, exports, imports, labor

force or land area) from the Weight Indicator box, as shown above.

10. Weighted Mean 66:

Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period.

No aggregate is shown if missing data account for more than one third of the observations

in the series. Select an appropriate weight variable (GNI, population, GDP, exports,

imports, labor force or land area) from the Weight Indicator box, as shown above.

11. Weighted Mean 66POP:

Aggregates are calculated as weighted averages of available data for each time period.

No aggregate is shown if countries with missing data represent more than one third

of the total population of your custom group. Select an appropriate weight variable

(GNI, population, GDP, exports, imports, labor force or land area) from the Weight

Indicator box, as shown above.

Note 1: In none of the above methodologies are missing values imputed. Therefore,

aggregates for groups of economies should be treated as approximations of unknown

totals or average values.

Note 2: Aggregation results apply only to your custom-defined groups and do not

reflect official World Bank aggregates based on regional and income classification

of economies. Results may be inappropriate (e.g., summing series expressed as a

percentage) and caution should be observed when using this function.

Close

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