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Importance and Components of the Financial Services Sector

Importance and Components of the Financial Services Sector

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The Financial Services Sector

Importance

Banking Services

Investment Services

Insurance Services

Tax and Accounting Services

FAQs

The Bottom Line

Personal Finance

Banking

Importance and Components of the Financial Services Sector

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The economy is made up of many different segments called sectors. These sectors are comprised of different businesses that provide goods and services to consumers. The variety of services offered by lending institutions, brokerage firms, and other businesses are collectively referred to as the financial services sector.

The financial services sector is comprised of banking, mortgages, credit cards, payment services, tax preparation and planning, accounting, and investing. Financial services are often limited to the activity of firms and professionals, while financial products are the financial instruments these professionals provide to their clients.

Key Takeaways

Financial services make up one of the economy's most important and influential sectors.Financial services are a broad range of more specific activities such as banking, investing, and insurance.Financial services are limited to the activity of financial services firms and their professionals, while financial products are the actual goods, accounts, or investments they provide.

What Is the Financial Services Sector?

The financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms including banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance companies.

As noted above, the financial services industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.

According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients. This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.

Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advisor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.

Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.

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The Importance of the Financial Services Sector

The financial services sector is the primary driver of a nation's economy. It provides the free flow of capital and liquidity in the marketplace. When the sector is strong, the economy grows, and companies in this industry are better able to manage risk.

The strength of the financial services sector is also important to the prosperity of a country's population. When the sector and economy are strong, consumers generally earn more. This boosts their confidence and purchasing power. When they need access to credit for large purchases, they turn to the financial services sector to borrow.

A strong financial services sector can lead to economic growth, while a failing system can drag down a nation's economy.

If the financial services sector fails, though, it can drag a country's economy down. This can lead to a recession. When the financial system starts to break down, the economy starts to suffer. Capital begins to dry up as lenders tighten the reins on lending. Unemployment rises, and wages may even drop, leading consumers to stop spending.

In order to compensate, central banks lower interest rates to try to boost economic growth. This is primarily what happened during the financial crisis that led to the Great Recession.

Banking Services

The banking industry is the foundation of the financial services group. It is most concerned with direct saving and lending, while the financial services sector incorporates investments, insurance, the redistribution of risk, and other financial activities. Banking services are provided by large commercial banks, community banks, credit unions, and other entities.

Banks earn revenue primarily on the difference in the interest rates charged for credit accounts and the rates paid to depositors. Financial services like these primarily earn revenue through fees, commissions, and other methods like the spread on interest rates between loans and deposits.

Banking Segments

Banking is made up of several segments—retail banking, commercial banking, and investment banking. Also known as consumer or personal banking, retail banking serves consumers rather than corporations. These banks offer financial services tailored to individuals, including checking and savings accounts, mortgages, loans, and credit cards, as well as certain investment services.

Corporate, commercial, or business banking, on the other hand, deals with small businesses and large corporations. Like retail banking, it provides account services and credit products that are tailored to the specific needs of businesses.

An investment bank typically only works with deal makers and high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs)—not the general public. These banks underwrite deals, secure access to capital markets, offer wealth management and tax advice, advise companies on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and facilitate the buying and selling of stocks and bonds. Financial advisors and discount brokerages also occupy this niche.

Investment Services

Individuals may access financial markets like stocks and bonds through investment services. Brokers—either human or self-directed online services—facilitate the buying and selling of securities, taking a commission for their efforts. Financial advisors may charge an annual fee based on assets under management (AUM) and direct several trades in the pursuit of constructing and managing a well-diversified portfolio.

Robo-advisors are the latest incarnation of financial advice and portfolio management, with fully automated algorithmic portfolio allocations and trade executions.

Not all investment services in the financial sector are available to everyone. High-net-worth individuals (those with a net worth of $1 million or more in liquid financial assets) have many more options open to them for investments.

Hedge funds, mutual funds, and investment partnerships invest money in the financial markets and collect management fees in the process. These organizations require custody services for trading and servicing their portfolios, as well as legal, compliance, and marketing advice. There are also software vendors that cater to the investment fund community by developing software applications for portfolio management, client reporting, and other back-office services.

Private equity funds, venture capital providers, and angel investors supply investment capital to companies in exchange for ownership stakes or profit participation. Venture capital was especially important to technology firms in the 1990s. Much of what goes on behind the scenes in the making of big deals is attributed to this group.

Insurance Services

Insurance is another important subsector of the financial services industry. Insurance services are available for protection against death or injury (e.g., life insurance, disability income insurance, health insurance), against property loss or damage (e.g., homeowners insurance, car insurance), or against liability or lawsuit.

In the United States, an insurance agent differs from a broker. The former is a representative of the insurance carrier, while the latter represents the insured and shops around for insurance policies. This is also the realm of the underwriter, who assesses the risk of insuring clients and also advises investment bankers on loan risk.

Reinsurers are in the business of selling insurance to the insurers themselves to help protect them from catastrophic losses.

Tax and Accounting Services

The sector also includes accountants and tax filing services, currency exchange and wire transfer services, and credit card machine services and networks. It also includes debt resolution services and global payment providers such as Visa and Mastercard, as well as exchanges that facilitate stock, derivatives, and commodity trades.

Accountants ensure all financial records and statements—the balance sheet, income and loss statement, cash-flow statement, and tax return—are in line with federal laws and regulations and generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

Accountants also compile the information needed to prepare entries to company accounts such as the general ledger, and they document business financial transactions over time. This information is used to prepare weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual closing statements and cost accounting reports.

Accountants must also resolve any discrepancies or irregularities they find in records, statements, or documented transactions. They typically observe established accounting control procedures through an accounting system or software program.

A good tax accountant can save you a significant amount of money at tax time; particularly if you have many different assets.

Accountants are often assigned other finance-related tasks in addition to analyzing financial records and statements. Ancillary job duties include monitoring the efficiency of accounting control procedures or software programs to ensure they are up to date with federal and state regulations. Accountants are also tasked with making recommendations to various departments or C-suite staff regarding the efficient use of company resources and procedures. These recommendations aim to provide solutions to potentially costly business financial concerns or problems.

In some instances, accountants may also prepare and review invoices for customers and vendors to assist with the timely payment of outstanding balances. Reconciliation of payroll, verification of contracts and orders, construction of a company budget, and the development of financial models or projections may also be part of an accountant's regular responsibilities.

In addition to these duties, accountants prepare and file taxes for companies and individuals. They analyze all company assets, income earned and paid, or anticipated expenses and liabilities to reach a total tax obligation for the year. With both company and individual tax preparation and filing, accountants are expected to provide a detailed analysis of tax efficiency or inefficiency and make recommendations for how to reduce total tax liabilities in the future.

What Is in the Financial Services Sector?

The financial services sector consists of banking, investing, taxes, real estate, and insurance, all of which provide different financial services to people and corporations.

Is the Financial Services Sector the Same As the Banking Sector?

No, the financial services sector is not the same as the banking sector. The banking sector is one component of the financial services sector, which consists of many other components. The banking sector is primarily considered with saving and lending, whereas the financial services sector also includes investing, insurance, and real estate.

What Are the Types of Financial Services?

Financial services can include depositing your check at a bank, obtaining a mortgage from a lender, investing your money with a mutual fund, having a bank underwrite your business for an IPO, purchasing insurance for your car, and similar transactions.

The Bottom Line

The financial sector is both large and wide, encompassing many types of businesses, from investments to taxes to accounting to insurance to banking, and more. It is most likely that in your personal and professional lives, you will touch upon most. Having a basic understanding of each sector will make navigating each a little easier and perhaps even profitable.

Article Sources

Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our

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International Monetary Fund. "Financial Services: Getting the Goods."

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For the Hong Kong constituency, see Financial Services (constituency).

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Financial services are economic services tied to finance provided by financial institutions. Financial services encompass a broad range of service sector activities, especially as concerns financial management and consumer finance.

The finance industry in its most common sense concerns commercial banks that provide market liquidity, risk instruments, and brokerage for large public companies and multinational corporations at a macroeconomic scale that impacts domestic politics and foreign relations. The extragovernmental clout and scale of the finance industry remains an ongoing controversy in many industrialized Western economies, as seen in the American Occupy Wall Street civil protest movement of 2011.

Styles of financial institution include credit union, bank, savings and loan association, trust company, building society, brokerage firm, payment processor, many types of broker, and some government-sponsored enterprise.[1]

Financial services include accountancy, investment banking, investment management, and personal asset management.

Financial products include insurance, credit cards, mortgage loans, and pension funds.

Financial Services Authority Seychelles logo on building

History[edit]

See also: Global financial system § History of international financial architecture

Change in access to a financial account or services between 2005 and 2014 by country[2]

The term "financial services" became more prevalent in the United States partly as a result of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act of the late 1990s, which enabled different types of companies operating in the U.S. financial services industry at that time to merge.[3]

Companies usually have two distinct approaches to this new type of business. One approach would be a bank that simply buys an insurance company or an investment bank, keeps the original brands of the acquired firm, and adds the acquisition to its holding company simply to diversify its earnings. Outside the U.S. (e.g. Japan), non-financial services companies are permitted within the holding company. In this scenario, each company still looks independent and has its own customers, etc. In the other style, a bank would simply create its own insurance division or brokerage division and attempt to sell those products to its own existing customers, with incentives for combining all things with one company.[citation needed]

Relationship to the government[edit]

The financial sector is traditionally among those to receive government support in times of widespread economic crisis. Such bailouts, however, enjoy less public support than those for other industries.[4]

Banks[edit]

Main article: Bank

Commercial banking services[edit]

Main article: Commercial bank

A commercial bank is what is commonly referred to as simply a bank. The term "commercial" is used to distinguish it from an investment bank, a type of financial services entity which instead of lending money directly to a business, helps businesses raise money from other firms in the form of bonds (debt) or share capital (equity).

The primary operations of commercial banks include:

Keeping money safe while also allowing withdrawals when needed

Issuance of chequebooks so that bills can be paid and other kinds of payments can be delivered by the post

Provide personal loans, commercial loans, and mortgage loans (typically loans to purchase a home, property or business)

Issuance of credit cards, processing of credit card transactions and billing

Issuance of debit cards for use as a substitute for cheques

Allow financial transactions at branches or by using automatic teller machines (ATMs)

Provide wire transfers of funds and electronic fund transfers between banks

Facilitation of standing orders and direct debits, so payments for bills can be made automatically

Provide overdraft agreements for the temporary advancement of the bank's own money to meet the monthly spending commitments of a customer in their current account.

Provide internet banking system to facilitate customers to view and operate their respective accounts through the internet.

Provide charge card advances of the bank's own money for customers wishing to settle credit advances monthly.

Provide a check guaranteed by the bank itself and prepaid by the customer, such as a cashier's check or certified check.

Notary service for financial and other documents

Accepting deposits from customers and providing credit facilities to them.

Sell investment products like mutual funds Etc.

The United States is the largest location for commercial banking services.

Investment banking services[edit]

Singapore financial district by night (25449263528)

Main article: Investment banking

Underwriting debt and equity for the private and public sector for such entities to raise capital.

Mergers and acquisitions – Work to underwrite and advise companies on mergers or takeovers.

Structured finance – Develop intricate (typically derivative) products for high net worth individuals and institutions with more intricate financial needs.

Restructuring – Assist in financially reorganizing companies

Investment management – Management of assets (e.g., real estate) to meet specified investment goals of clients.

Securities research – Maintain their own department that services to assist their traders, clients and maintain a public stance on specific securities and industries.

Broker Services – Buy and sell securities on behalf of their clients (sometimes may involve financial consulting as well).

Prime brokerage – An exclusive type of bundled broker service specifically meant to service the needs of hedge funds.

Private banking – Private banks provide banking services exclusively to high-net-worth individuals. Many financial services firms require a person or family to have a certain minimum net worth to qualify for private banking service.

New York City and London are the largest centers of investment banking services. NYC is dominated by U.S. domestic business, while in London international business and commerce make up a significant portion of investment banking activity.[5]

Foreign exchange services[edit]

Foreign exchange machine

FX or Foreign exchange services are provided by many banks and specialists foreign exchange brokers around the world. Foreign exchange services include:

Currency exchange – where clients can purchase and sell foreign currency banknotes.

Wire transfer – where clients can send funds to international banks abroad.

Remittance – where clients that are migrant workers send money back to their home country.

London handled 36.7% of global currency transactions in 2009[update] – an average daily turnover of US$1.85 trillion – with more US dollars traded in London than New York, and more Euros traded than in every other city in Europe combined.[6][7][8][9][10]

Investment services[edit]

Collective investment fund – A fund that acts as an investment pool so investors can put money into a fund that will reinvest it into a variety of securities based upon their common, outlined investment goal.

Investment Advisory Offices – Run by registered investment advisors who advise clients in financial planning and invest their money.

Hedge fund management – Hedge funds often employ the services of "prime brokerage" divisions at major investment banks to execute their trades.

Private equity – Private equity funds are typically closed-end funds, which usually take controlling equity stakes in businesses that are either private or taken private once acquired. Private equity funds often use leveraged buyouts (LBOs) to acquire the firms in which they invest. The most successful private equity funds can generate returns significantly higher than provided by the equity markets.

Venture capital – Private equity capital typically provided by professional, outside investors to new, high-growth-potential companies in the interest of taking the company to an IPO or trade sale of the business. Startup companies are typically fueled by an angel investor.

Family office – Investment and wealth management firm that handles a wealthy family or small group of wealthy individuals with financial plans tailored to their needs. Similar to private banking.

Advisory services – These firms (or departments within a larger entity) service clients with financial advisers who serve as both, a broker as well as a financial consultant.

Custody services – the safe-keeping and processing of the world's securities trades and servicing the associated portfolios. Assets under custody in the world are approximately US$100 trillion.[11]

New York City is the largest center of investment services, followed by London.[12]

Insurance[edit]

Main article: Insurance

National Insurance Services (NIS) – St. Vincent ^ the Grenadines – panoramio

Insurance brokerage – Insurance brokers shop for insurance (generally corporate property and casualty insurance) on behalf of customers. Recently several websites have been created to give consumers basic price comparisons for services such as insurance, causing controversy within the industry.[13]

Insurance underwriting – Personal lines insurance underwriters actually underwrite insurance for individuals, a service still offered primarily through agents, insurance brokers, and stock brokers. Underwriters may also offer similar commercial lines of coverage for businesses. Activities include insurance and annuities, life insurance, retirement insurance, health insurance, and property insurance and casualty insurance.

Finance and insurance – a service still offered primarily at asset dealerships. The F&I manager encompasses the financing and insuring of the asset which is sold by the dealer. F&I is often called "the second gross" in dealerships that have adopted the model

Reinsurance – Reinsurance is insurance sold to insurers themselves, to protect them from catastrophic losses.

The United States, followed by Japan and the United Kingdom are the largest insurance markets in the world.[14]

Other financial services[edit]

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Angel investment networks – A group of angel investors can create their own network to be the financial foundation for future companies.

Credit card networking – Companies that serve as the bridge between the retailers and the banks who issue the bank cards. Major credit card networks are: UnionPay, Mastercard, Visa Inc., Rupay, American Express and Discover Financial.

Conglomerates – A financial services company, such as a universal bank, that is active in more than one sector of the financial services market e.g. life insurance, general insurance, health insurance, asset management, retail banking, wholesale banking, investment banking, etc. A key rationale for the existence of such businesses is the existence of diversification benefits that are present when different types of businesses are aggregated. As a consequence, economic capital for a conglomerate is usually substantially less than economic capital is for the sum of its parts.

Debt resolution – A consumer service that assists individuals that have too much debt to pay off as requested, but do not want to file bankruptcy and wish to pay off their debts owed. This debt can be accrued in various ways including but not limited to personal loans, credit cards, or in some cases merchant accounts.

Financial market utilities – Organizations that are part of the infrastructure of financial services, such as stock exchanges, clearing houses, derivative and commodity exchanges and payment systems such as real-time gross settlement systems or interbank networks.

Payment recovery – Assistance in recovering money inadvertently paid to vendors by businesses, such as by accidental duplicate payment of an invoice or failure to return a deposit.

Financial exports[edit]

A financial export is a financial service provided by a domestic firm (regardless of ownership) to a foreign firm or individual. While financial services such as banking, insurance, and investment management are often seen as domestic services, an increasing proportion of financial services are now being handled abroad, in other financial centres, for a variety of reasons. Some smaller financial centres, such as Bermuda, Luxembourg, and the Cayman Islands, lack sufficient size for a domestic financial services sector and have developed a role providing services to non-residents as offshore financial centres. The increasing competitiveness of financial services has meant that some countries, such as Japan, which were once self-sufficient, have increasingly imported financial services.[citation needed]

The leading financial exporter, in terms of exports less imports, is the United Kingdom, which had $95 billion of financial exports in 2014.[15] The UK's position is helped by both unique institutions (such as Lloyd's of London for insurance, the Baltic Exchange for shipping etc.)[16] and an environment that attracts foreign firms;[17] many international corporations have global or regional headquarters in the London and are listed on the London Stock Exchange, and many banks and other financial institutions operate there or in Edinburgh.[18][19]

See also[edit]

Alternative financial services

Financial analyst

Financial crime

Financial data vendors

Financial markets

Financial technology

Financialization

Insider threat

International Monetary Fund

List of countries by share of population with access to financial services

List of largest financial services companies by revenue

Valuation (finance) § Valuing financial services firms

References[edit]

^ Asmundson, Irena (28 March 2012). "Financial Services: Getting the Goods". Finance and Development. IMF. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.

^ "Access to a financial account or services". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.

^ "Bill Summary & Status 106th Congress (1999–2000) S.900 CRS Summary – Thomas (Library of Congress)". Archived from the original on 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2011-02-08.

^ The Economist, April 4th 2020, page 51.

^ Roberts, Richard (2008). The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre. Economist. p. 2. ASIN 1861978588.

^ "Research and statistics FAQ". The City of London. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.

^ "Triennial Central Bank Survey – Foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in 2004" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2018-03-05.

^ "Key facts Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine", Corporation of London. Retrieved 19 June 2006.

^ European Central Bank (July 2017) "The international role of the euro" Archived 2019-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. European Central Bank. p. 28.

^ Chatsworth Communications (April 6, 2016) "London's leading position as a USD 2.2 trillion hub for FX trading would be harmed by a Brexit, according to poll of currency market professionals" Archived 2018-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. Chatsworth Communications.

^ "Prudential: Securities Processing Primer" (PDF). cm1.prusec.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

^ "Asset Management in the UK 2016–2017" (PDF). The Investment Management Association. September 2017. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

^ "Price comparison sites face probe". BBC News. 2008-01-22. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-06.

^ "UK Insurance & Long Term Savings Key Facts 2015" (PDF). Association of British Insurers. September 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

^ "UK trade surplus in financial services highest ever". TheCityUK. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

^ Clark, David (2003). Urban world/global city. Routledge. pp. 174–176. ISBN 0415320976. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-09-23; Shubik, Martin (1999). The theory of money and financial institutions. MIT Press. p. 8. ISBN 0262693119. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-09-23.

^ Roberts, Richard (2008). The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre. Economist. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9781861978585. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

^ "UK's financial services trade surplus biggest in the world, dwarfing its nearest rivals". TheCityUK. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

^ "Special report on services exports" (PDF). EY Item Club. June 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.

Further reading[edit]

Porteous, Bruce T.; Pradip Tapadar (December 2005). Economic Capital and Financial Risk Management for Financial Services Firms and Conglomerates. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-3608-0.

External links[edit]

The role of the Financial Services Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity | A report by Christopher N. Sutton and Beth Jenkins | John F. Kennedy School of Government | Harvard University

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Types of Finance

Financial Services

What Are Financial Activities?

Finance FAQs

Corporate Finance

Financial Analysis

Types of Finance and Financial Services

Understanding money management and how needed funds are acquired

By

Daniel Kurt

Full Bio

Daniel has 10+ years of experience reporting on investments and personal finance for outlets like AARP Bulletin and Exceptional magazine, in addition to being a column writer for Fatherly.

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Updated June 05, 2023

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Finance is a broad term that describes activities associated with banking, leverage or debt, credit, capital markets, money, and investments.

Essentially, finance represents money management and the process of acquiring needed funds. Finance also encompasses the oversight, creation, and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets, and liabilities that make up financial systems.

Many of the basic concepts in finance originate from microeconomic and macroeconomic theories. One of the most fundamental theories is the time value of money, which states that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future.

Key Takeaways

Finance encompasses banking, leverage or debt, credit, capital markets, money, investments, and the creation and oversight of financial systems.Basic financial concepts are based on microeconomic and macroeconomic theories. The finance field includes three main subcategories: personal finance, corporate finance, and public (government) finance.Consumers and businesses use financial services to acquire financial goods and achieve financial goals. The financial services sector is a primary driver of a nation’s economy.

Types of Finance

Individuals, businesses, and government entities all need funding to operate. Therefore, the finance field includes three main subcategories:

Personal financeCorporate financePublic (government) finance

1. Personal Finance

Personal finance is specific to an individual’s situation and activity. Therefore, related financial strategies depend largely on a person’s earnings, living requirements, goals, and desires. Financial planning involves analyzing the current financial position of individuals to formulate strategies for future needs within financial constraints.

For example, individuals must save for retirement. That requires saving or investing enough money during their working lives to fund their long-term plans. This type of financial management decision falls under personal finance.

Personal finance covers a range of activities, including using or purchasing financial products such as credit cards, insurance, mortgages, and various types of investments.

Banking is also considered a component of personal finance because individuals use checking and savings accounts as well as online or mobile payment services such as PayPal and Venmo.

2. Corporate Finance

Corporate finance refers to the financial activities related to running a corporation. A division or department usually is set up to oversee those financial activities.

For example, a large company may have to decide whether to raise additional funds through a bond issue or stock offering. Investment banks may advise the firm on such considerations and help it market the securities.

Startups may receive capital from angel investors or venture capitalists in exchange for a percentage of ownership. If a company thrives and decides to go public, it will issue shares on a stock exchange through an initial public offering (IPO) to raise cash. In other cases, to budget its capital properly and effectively, a company with growth goals may need to decide which projects to finance and which to put on hold.

All of these types of decisions fall under corporate finance.

3. Public Finance

Public finance includes taxing, spending, budgeting, and debt-issuance policies that affect how a government pays for the services it provides to the public. It is a part of fiscal policy.

The federal and state governments help prevent market failure by overseeing the allocation of resources, the distribution of income, and economic stability. Regular funding is secured mostly through taxation. Borrowing from banks, insurance companies, and other nations also helps finance government spending.

In addition to managing money in day-to-day operations, a government body also has social and fiscal responsibilities. A government is expected to ensure adequate social programs for its taxpaying citizens. It must maintain a stable economy so that people can save and be assured that their money will be safe.

Financial services are not the same as financial goods. Financial goods are products, such as mortgages, stocks, bonds, and insurance policies. Financial services are services offered by financial entities. The investment advice and management a financial advisor provides for a client is one example of financial services.

Financial Services

Financial services are the services that allow consumers and businesses to acquire financial goods. One straightforward example is the financial service offered by a payment system provider when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients. This includes accounts settled via checks, credit and debit cards, and electronic funds transfers.

The financial services sector is one of the most important segments of the economy. It helps drive a nation’s economy, providing the free flow of capital and liquidity in the marketplace.

The financial services sector is made up of a variety of financial firms, including banks, investment houses, finance companies, insurance companies, lenders, accounting services, and real estate brokers.

When this sector and a country’s economy are strong, consumer confidence and purchasing power rise. When the financial services sector fails, it can drag down the economy and lead to a recession.

What Are Financial Activities?

Financial activities are the initiatives and transactions that businesses, governments, and individuals undertake as they seek to further their economic goals.

They are activities that involve the inflow or outflow of money. Examples include buying and selling products (or assets), issuing stocks, initiating loans, and maintaining accounts.

When a company sells shares and makes debt repayments, it is engaging in financial activities. Similarly, individuals and governments are involved in financial activities when they take out loans and levy taxes, which further specific monetary objectives.

What Is Finance?

The term "finance" refers to financial activities that support the lives of individuals, businesses, and governments. Some of those activities include banking, borrowing, saving, and investing. Finance also refers to the study of money and financial tools that are part of a country's financial system.

Is the Financial Services Industry Important?

Yes. Companies that offer financial services have always been important because they help facilitate for individuals and businesses transactions that involve money. The financial services industry is also important for its role in the health of a country's economy. According to EIU research, the financial services industry represents around 20% of the global economy.

What Is Personal Finance?

Personal finance involves planning, implementing, and managing financial activities that impact individuals. These activities can include earning an income, spending money, saving and investing, and borrowing.

Article Sources

Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our

editorial policy.

Rice University via OpenStax. "Principles of Finance: 1.1 What Is Finance?"

Rice University via OpenStax. "Principles of Finance: 1.6 Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Matters."

Harvard Business School. "Business Insights: Time Value of Money (TVM): A Primer."

International Monetary Fund. "Financial Services: Getting the Goods."

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. "Financial Services Sector."

The Economist Intelligence Unit. "Financial Services Sector Analysis."

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Financial Services

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The Philippines’ financial services sector entered the Covid-19 pandemic on a solid footing, thanks to decades of regulatory reform to address the vulnerabilities exposed by the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Strong capital buffers, high levels of provisioning and near-universal public health cover insulated the country from many of the impacts that other markets continue to wrestle with. While geographic spread and socio-economic disparities remain structural barriers, increasingly tech-focused growth strategies are improving both bottom lines and financial inclusion among the population in measurable ways. The country has experienced a boom in digital banking as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, with several digital-only banks announcing plans to enter the market, legacy banks rapidly upgrading their online offerings and the central bank eyeing ambitious digital banking targets. This chapter contains interviews with Benjamin E Diokno, Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas; Kelvin Ang, CEO, AIA Philam Life; and Sanjiv Vohra, President and CEO, Security Bank.

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Overview Turning point: Advances in digital financial services are lowering the barriers to entry and increasing inclusionOBGplus

The Philippines’ financial services sector entered the Covid-19 pandemic on a solid footing, thanks to decades of regulatory reform to address the vulnerabilities exposed by the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Strong capital buffers, high levels of provisioning and near-universal public health cover insulated the country from many of the impacts that other markets continue to wrestle with. While geographic spread and socio-economic disparities remain structural barriers, increasingly tech-focused…

Interview Staying on course: Benjamin E Diokno, Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), on guiding the economy through a global crisisOBGplus

Interview:Benjamin E Diokno

What is your assessment of the BSP’s ability to mitigate the economic challenges brought about by the pandemic and facilitate recovery?

BENJAMIN DIOKNO: With inflation well within the target range of 2-4% and the policy rate at 2.25%, the BSP continues to have ample room to utilise monetary tools to address the economic implications of the pandemic. Our latest estimate is that inflation will average 2.3% in 2020 and 2.8% in 2021. Moreover, our toolkit is far…

Analysis Digital shift: Banks upgrade their online offerings in response to the pandemicOBGplus

The Philippines is experiencing a boom in digital banking as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, with several digital-only banks announcing plans to enter the market and legacy banks rapidly upgrading their online offerings. East-West Banking Corporation, the country’s 11th-largest bank by assets, launched its own fully digital bank, Komo, in the third quarter of 2020. Furthermore, the state-owned Overseas Filipino Bank (OFB)became fully operational as a digital bank in June 2020.…

Analysis Closing the gap: Private players look to micro-insurance, insurance technology and digitalisation to boost revenue and expand coverageOBGplus

While the pandemic has placed extra strain on the Philippines’ health care system, increased awareness of health risks could lead to a spike in private insurance coverage. With around 415,000 recorded cases and 8000 virus-related deaths as of mid-November, 2020, the Philippines has been one of the hardest-hit countries in South-east Asia–despite the implementationof stringent lockdowns. The spread of the virus has not only placed pressure on hospitals, clinics and staff…

Interview Coverage and flexibility: Kelvin Ang, CEO, AIA Philam Life, on essential steps to increase insurance penetration ratesOBGplus

Interview: Kelvin Ang

How would you assess the pace of digital transformation in the Philippines’ insurance sector?

KELVIN ANG: Several factors are shaping the digital transformation of the insurance industry, including the maturity of the economy and the sector itself; customer sophistication; and evolving regulations. Most companies in the market are focused on embracing digital tools and technology, and adopting these to increase efficiency, especially in terms of service delivery. While the…

Interview Financing recovery: Sanjiv Vohra, President and CEO, Security Bank, on the strength of the banking system in a time of crisisOBGplus

Interview: Sanjiv Vohra

Which factors help banks alleviate the economic implications of the pandemic?

SANJIV VOHRA: Banks have the necessary liquidity, capital and reserve ratios mandated by the central bank, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), to provide finance to businesses throughout the economy. Importantly, the financial system is more resilient and reacted quicker to Covid-19 than to previous crises: during the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, for example, the adequacy ratios of banks were…

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Philippines Financial Services Sector Research Highlights - Oxford Business Group

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Philippines Financial Services Sector Research Highlights

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Economic News How fintechs are revolutionising remittances in emerging marketsOBGplus

– Fintechs focused on remittances are capturing legacy lenders’ market share

– The UN and other bodies are calling for remittance fees to be capped at 3%

– Emerging markets have been at the forefront of mobile-first fintech growth

– Cryptocurrency is also increasingly disrupting the remittances space

A number of remittance-focused financial technology (fintech) start-ups are gaining…

Economic News Will cryptocurrency expansion continue among emerging markets in 2022?OBGplus

– Cryptocurrency uptake continued to grow exponentially in 2021

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– The new incarnation of blockchain-based currencies is driving uptake

– Adoption is set to expand despite ecological and economicconcerns

Emerging markets were at the forefront of last year’s massive growth in global cryptocurrency adoption. With this…

Country Report The Report: Philippines 2021OBGplus

The Philippines posted average economic growth of 6.4% over 2010-19. While the Covid-19 pandemic tested the country’s resilience during 2020, the response measures contained within the two national stimulus packages, Bayanihan 1 and 2, provided support to vulnerable industries. Meanwhile, the rollout of the imminent Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises bill is expected to create

Global Platform Simoun Ung, CEO, OmniPay, Inc.

In this Global Platform video, Simoun Ung, CEO of OmniPay, Inc., unpacks the opportunities and challenges facing both regulators and financial technology (fintech) players as societies around the world accelerate the shift towards digital payments. With fintechs looking to expand their service offering beyond the upper echelons of society, successfully managing cybersecurity risk and promoting consumer

Event The Inaugural CREATE Summit

Q&A Sessions With Tax Experts on Create Implications and Other Issues at The Inaugural Create Summit

As the first-ever revenue-eroding tax reform package and the largest economic stimulus program in Philippine history, Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Law is seen to push for national accelerated economic recovery by attracting more foreign direct investment into the…

Economic News South-east Asia at the forefront of the CBDC revolutionOBGplus

– Many emerging nations’ central banks are trialling or considering CBDCs

– South-east Asia is at the forefront of digital banking and cryptocurrency

– Cambodia has launched a CBDC, while several other states are undertaking trials

– An East Asian common currency based on blockchain has been proposed

The coronavirus pandemic gave rise to a massive acceleration in the spread of digital…

Analysis Philippine insurers seek to boost coverage and revenueOBGplus

While the pandemic has placed extra strain on the Philippines’ health care system, increased awareness of health risks could lead to a spike in private insurance coverage. With around 415,000 recorded cases and 8000 virus-related deaths as of mid-November, 2020, the Philippines has been one of the hardest-hit countries in South-east Asia–despite the implementationof stringent…

Analysis New offerings seen from Philippine banks amid Covid-19OBGplus

The Philippines is experiencing a boom in digital banking as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, with several digital-only banks announcing plans to enter the market and legacy banks rapidly upgrading their online offerings. East-West Banking Corporation, the country’s 11th-largest bank by assets, launched its own fully digital bank, Komo, in the third quarter of 2020. Furthermore, the state-owned…

Overview Steps to boost financial inclusion in the PhilippinesOBGplus

The Philippines’ financial services sector entered the Covid-19 pandemic on a solid footing, thanks to decades of regulatory reform to address the vulnerabilities exposed by the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Strong capital buffers, high levels of provisioning and near-universal public health cover insulated the country from many of the impacts that other markets continue to wrestle with.…

Interview Kelvin Ang, CEO, AIA Philam Life: InterviewOBGplus

Interview: Kelvin Ang

How would you assess the pace of digital transformation in the Philippines’ insurance sector?

KELVIN ANG: Several factors are shaping the digital transformation of the insurance industry, including the maturity of the economy and the sector itself; customer sophistication; and evolving regulations. Most companies in the market are focused on embracing digital tools and technology,…

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Perspectives

The future of financial services in the United States

Aspiring to a higher bottom line

Powerful forces for change are reshaping global business and society. As a new human-centered economy emerges, the financial services industry faces a pivotal point in its evolution. By embracing the values of a higher bottom line, forward-thinking firms can play a major role in restoring public trust and cultivating a just, inclusive, and sustainable world without having to make significant trade-offs between profit and positive social impact.

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A new perspective

Unprecedented disruption creates unique opportunities

Seven forces for change

New roles for a new future of financial services

Leading the way to higher ground and a higher bottom line

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The bottom line is evolving

Profits and people. Growth and goodness. Success and sustainability. These coexisting forces will shape capitalism’s future. See what it means to be part of a higher bottom line.

A new perspective on the future of financial services

Explore our vision for a more human-centered future of financial services, the forces driving it, and the massive role financial services firms must adopt to not just prosper in it, but define it.

Key messages:

Financial services companies have a unique opportunity to address major societal issues and make new markets, without a significant trade-off in growth or profits. This imperative puts firms in a position to impact almost every corner of the economy, proactively rebuild trust, and transform not just financial services, but also our collective human experience.

Seven fundamental forces are working across the broader environment, as well as in the ways value is created and captured, to drive the industry toward 2030. Together, they will build upon each other to amplify the challenges and opportunities ahead. They will also provide industry leaders with the inspiration to act boldly—not just to ensure a prosperous future, but to help shape it.

As advancing technology expands the quantity and quality of data sources, access to data flows is becoming a critical resource. Firms’ ability to meet customer expectations will hinge on their access to and insights from these ever-increasing flows of data, now the fifth, and perhaps fastest-changing, factor in production. Incumbents will need to reinvent their data strategies to stay competitive, striking a delicate balance between sharing data with alliances and maintaining stringent control over proprietary information.

As customers become more sophisticated and services more commoditized and disintermediated, they will increasingly act as competitors to financial services players. Customers’ needs and wants will continue to evolve, while new platforms will increasingly allow them to service their own financial needs. Treating customers as stakeholders and delivering on their expectations (particularly those of high-value customers) will put firms in a better position to retain existing customers and attract underserved ones.

The marketplace of 2030 will be unprecedentedly fluid and interdependent. It will be marked by the continued emergence of new disruptors such as fintechs, digital giants, players from other industries, and even new entrants, each of which have distinct beliefs, strengths, and weaknesses. Innovative business models and alliance ecosystems will be required for incumbents to respond to these dynamics, create new revenue streams, and establish strategic advantage.

Firms that move early to establish alliance ecosystems will secure significant advantages as they lock in the network effects that many-to-many value webs offer. When it comes to embedding financial services into other customer-centric businesses, firms have an opportunity to build a “financial layer” in the technology stack; nonfinancial brands can then integrate that layer into their products to offer financial services to their customers and build new companies based on it.

A higher bottom line: The future of financial services in the United States

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Unprecedented disruption creates unique opportunities

Everything has changed. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to adapt quickly and prepare for new realities.

At the same time, the rebuilding of trust is a growing imperative, as the orthodox assumptions about the trade-offs between profit and service to our civic community steadily evaporate.

As we look toward the coming decade, financial services companies have a unique opportunity to address major societal issues without negatively affecting profits while proactively rebuilding trust in institutions. In other words, they can—and should—aspire to what can be called a “higher bottom line.”

Seven forces for change

As we look to a vision for the future of the US financial services industry in 2030, we believe that seven fundamental forces will drive transformational change and enable financial services firms to pursue a higher bottom line. These forces will, for the most part, accelerate and amplify the challenges and opportunities ahead and provide inspiration to think differently and be bold, not just to ensure a more prosperous and inclusive human experience, but also to help shape the future of financial services.

We see these forces coalescing across three domains—the macro environment, value creation, and value capture—to create a new, human-centric forefront for the financial services industry.

Explore what the future looks like and what it means for financial services institutions in the tabs below.

New roles for a new future of financial services

Financial services organizations have historically played a number of fundamental roles in enabling and shaping the modern world.

The seven forces for change discussed previously present financial services companies with the opportunity to perform these roles in more direct, personalized, and socially responsible ways. Moreover, they can amplify their roles to catalyze and accelerate the human-centric ecosystems reshaping the economy, in addition to addressing the many societal challenges that urgently demand new solutions.

Meanwhile, new actors are emerging as ecosystem catalysts with an interest in participating in the industry. These disruptors—fintechs, digital giants expanding into financial services, players from other industries, and even new entrants—bring different strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and risks to the table.

Below, we look at how these actors must adapt to amplify, catalyze, and connect their roles to succeed in the future of financial services and create a higher bottom line.

Leading the way to higher ground and a higher bottom line

With our society at a crossroads, financial services firms are in a position to influence almost every corner of the economy and play a vital role in transforming it. Their ability to seize the emerging opportunities our changing world presents can have an enormous impact both on the industry and our collective human experience in the decade to come and beyond. Not everything will go smoothly—firms will need to prepare for the inevitable shocks that arise over the next ten years. However, if they embody the principles of a higher bottom line—placing people on par with profits, and actions over intent—financial services can lead the way to a more inclusive, educated, sustainable, collaborative, and profitable future.

Get in touch

Monica O'Reilly

Vice Chair, US Financial Services Industry Leader

monoreilly@deloitte.com

+1 415 783 5780

Monica is a principal with more than 28 years of experience serving financial services clients. She is the US Financial Services Leader for Deloitte LLP. As the US Financial Services Leader, Monica ov... More

Susan Klink

Clients & Markets Leader | Deloitte & Touche LLP

sklink@deloitte.com

+1 617 596 8021

Susan Klink is an Audit & Assurance (A&A) leader with Deloitte & Touche LLP currently serving as A&A’s managing partner for Clients & Markets where she collaborates across the businesses to execute De... More

Liliana Robu

Purpose & DEI Leader | Deloitte Consulting LLP

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+1 212 313 1593

Liliana is a principal in Deloitte Consulting LLP and serves as Purpose & Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) leader. In this role, she is responsible for integrating purpose and DEI into the pract... More

John Rieger

Partner | US and Global Tax & Legal Leader

jrieger@deloitte.com

+1 212 436 6934

John serves as the Global Tax & Legal Financial Services Leader and is the National Tax Managing Partner of the Financial Services Tax Practice of Deloitte Tax LLP. John is based in the New York offic... More

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What Are Financial Services? - Back to Basics: Finance & Development, March 2011

What Are Financial Services? - Back to Basics: Finance & Development, March 2011

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What Are Financial Services?

Finance & Development, March 2011, Vol. 48, No. 1

Irena Asmundson

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How consumers and businesses acquire financial goods such as loans and insurance

IN the aftermath of the global crisis, there has been a call for tighter regulation of financial services. But what is a financial service?

Among the things money can buy, there is a distinction between a good (something tangible that lasts, whether for a long or short time) and a service (a task that someone performs for you). A financial service is not the financial good itself—say a mortgage loan to buy a house or a car insurance policy—but something that is best described as the process of acquiring the financial good. In other words, it involves the transaction required to obtain the financial good. The financial sector covers many different types of transactions in such areas as real estate, consumer finance, banking, and insurance. It also covers a broad spectrum of investment funding, including securities (see box).

What do they do?

These are some of the foremost among the myriad financial services.

Insurance and related services

• Direct insurers pool payments (premiums) from those seeking to cover risk and make payments to those who experience a covered personal or business-related event, such as an automobile accident or the sinking of a ship.

• Reinsurers, which can be companies or wealthy individuals, agree, for a price, to cover some of the risks assumed by a direct insurer.

• Insurance intermediaries, such as agencies and brokers, match up those seeking to pay to cover risk with those willing to assume it for a price.

Banks and other financial service providers

• Accept deposits and repayable funds and make loans: Providers pay those who give them money, which they in turn lend or invest with the goal of making a profit on the difference between what they pay depositors and the amount they receive from borrowers.

• Administer payment systems: Providers make it possible to transfer funds from payers to recipients and facilitate transactions and settlement of accounts through credit and debit cards, bank drafts such as checks, and electronic funds transfer.

• Trade: Providers help companies buy and sell securities, foreign exchange, and derivatives.

• Issue securities: Providers help borrowers raise funds by selling shares in businesses or issuing bonds.

• Manage assets: Providers offer advice or invest funds on behalf of clients, who pay for their expertise.

But distinctions within the financial sector are not neat. For example, someone who works in the real estate industry, such as a mortgage broker, might provide a service by helping customers find a house loan with a maturity and interest rate structure that suits their circumstances. But those customers could also borrow on their credit cards or from a commercial bank. A commercial bank takes deposits from customers and lends out the money to generate higher returns than it pays for those deposits. An investment bank helps firms raise money. Insurance companies take in premiums from customers who buy policies against the risk that a covered event—such as an automobile accident or a house fire—will happen.

Intermediation

At its heart, the financial sector intermediates. It channels money from savers to borrowers, and it matches people who want to lower risk with those willing to take on that risk. People saving for retirement, for example, might benefit from intermediation. The higher the return future retirees earn on their money, the less they need to save to achieve their target retirement income and account for inflation. To earn that return requires lending to someone who will pay for the use of the money (interest). Lending and collecting payments are complicated and risky, and savers often don’t have the expertise or time to do so. Finding an intermediary can be a better route.

Some savers deposit their savings in a commercial bank, one of the oldest types of financial service providers. A commercial bank takes in deposits from a variety of sources and pays interest to the depositors. The bank earns the money to pay that interest by lending to individuals or businesses. The loans could be to a person trying to buy a house, to a business making an investment or needing cash to meet a payroll, or to a government.

The bank provides a variety of services as part of its daily business. The service to depositors is the care the bank takes in gauging the appropriate interest rate to charge on loans and the assurance that deposits can be withdrawn at any time. The service to the mortgage borrower is the ability to buy a house and pay for it over time. The same goes for businesses and governments, which can go to the bank to meet any number of financial needs. The bank’s payment for providing these services is the difference between the interest rates it charges for the loans and the amount it must pay depositors.

Another type of intermediation is insurance. People could save to cover unexpected expenses just as they save for retirement. But retirement is a more likely possibility than events such as sickness and auto accidents. People who want to cover such risks are generally better off buying an insurance policy that pays out in the event of a covered event. The insurance intermediary pools the payments (called premiums) of policy buyers and assumes the risk of paying those who get sick or have an accident from the premiums plus whatever money the company can earn by investing them.

Providers of financial services, then, help channel cash from savers to borrowers and redistribute risk. They can add value for the investor by aggregating savers’ money, monitoring investments, and pooling risk to keep it manageable for individual members. In many cases the intermediation includes both risk and money. Banks, after all, take on the risk that borrowers won’t repay, allowing depositors to shed that risk. By having lots of borrowers, they are not crippled if one or two don’t pay. And insurance companies pool cash that is then used to pay policy holders whose risk is realized. People could handle many financial services themselves, but it can be more cost effective to pay someone else to do it.

Cost of services

How people pay for financial services can vary widely, and the costs are not always transparent. For relatively simple transactions, compensation can be on a flat-rate basis (say, $100 in return for filing an application). Charges can also be fixed ($20 an hour to process loan payments), based on a commission (say, 1 percent of the value of the mortgage sold), or based on profits (the difference between loan and deposit rates, for example). The incentives are different for each type of compensation, and whether they are appropriate depends on the situation.

Regulation

Financial services are crucial to the functioning of an economy. Without them, individuals with money to save might have trouble finding those who need to borrow, and vice versa. And without financial services, people would be so intent on saving to cover risk that they might not buy very many goods and services.

Moreover, even relatively simple financial goods can be complex, and there are often long lags between the purchase of a service and the date the provider has to deliver the service. The market for services depends a great deal on trust. Customers (both savers and borrowers) must have confidence in the advice and information they are receiving. For example, purchasers of life insurance count on the insurance company being around when they die. They expect there will be enough money to pay the designated beneficiaries and that the insurance company won’t cheat the heirs.

The importance of financial services to the economy and the need to foster trust among providers and consumers are among the reasons governments oversee the provision of many financial services. This oversight involves licensing, regulation, and supervision, which vary by country. In the United States, there are a number of agencies—some state, some federal—that supervise and regulate different parts of the market. In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority oversees the entire financial sector, from banks to insurance companies.

Financial sector supervisors enforce rules and license financial service providers. Supervision can include regular reporting and examination of accounts and providers, inspections, and investigation of complaints. It can also include enforcement of consumer protection laws, such as limits on credit card interest rates and checking account overdraft charges. However, the recent sudden growth in the financial sector, especially as a result of new financial instruments, can tax the ability of regulators and supervisors to rein in risk. Regulations and enforcement efforts cannot always prevent failures—regulations may not cover new activities, and wrongdoing sometimes escapes enforcement. Because of these failures, supervisors often have the authority to take over a financial institution when necessary.

The role of mortgage-backed securities in the recent crisis is an example of new financial instruments leading to unexpected consequences. In this case, financial firms looking for steady income streams bought mortgages from the originating banks and then allocated payments to various bonds, which paid according to the mortgages’ underlying performance. Banks benefited by selling the mortgages in return for more cash to make additional loans, but because the loan makers did not keep the loans, their incentive to check borrowers’ creditworthiness eroded. The mortgages were riskier than the financial firms that bought them anticipated, and the bonds did not pay as much as expected. Borrowers were more likely to default because of their lower income, which reduced the amount bondholders took in—both of which hurt gross domestic product growth. Mortgage-backed securities were initially intended to help mitigate risk (and could have done so under the right circumstances), but they ended up increasing it.

Productive uses

Financial services help put money to productive use. Instead of stashing money under their mattresses, consumers can give their savings to intermediaries who might invest them in the next great technology or allow someone to buy a house. The mechanisms that intermediate these flows can be complicated, and most countries rely on regulation to protect borrowers and lenders and help preserve the trust that underpins all financial services. ■

Irena Asmundson is an Economist in the IMF’s Strategy, Policy, and Review Department.

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When most people hear the term financial services sector, the first thing they're likely to think of is the hustle and bustle of Wall Street. However, there's more to the industry than just stock trading and investment services.

In fact, the financial services sector includes a broad array of different types of financial services companies. What's more, financial services companies are considered to be one of the most important parts of the economy in many different countries.

Two simultaneous trends currently characterize the financial services industry. One is specialization, where companies provide targeted services to customers. The other is globalization, or the expansion of firms into developing countries and emerging market nations.

This article looks at some big names in the financial services sector.

Key Takeaways

Berkshire Hathaway was formed in 1839 and its stock is one of the most expensive in the world.American Express focuses on credit card offerings, co-branded cards with hotels, and other travel services like traveler's checks.Wells Fargo is one of the largest U.S. banks by market capitalization and is among the largest 100 corporations in the United States.Charles Schwab led the charge for discount brokerage firms and empowered individual investors.Financial services companies facilitate banking, investing, credit card transactions, loans, and more.

Types of Financial Services Companies

Companies in this sector include:

Investment banking firms

Money managers

Brokerage houses

Banks

Lenders

Insurance companies

Tax and accounting firms

Credit card companies

Payment processing companies

Real estate companies

Fintech companies

Financial services firms serve retail and commercial consumers alike. Companies such as Apple and Amazon can be considered to offer financial services, with the Apple Card and Amazon Pay.

The global financial services market is expected to reach $26.5 trillion by 2022.

Major Names in Financial Services

Berkshire Hathaway

Founded: 1839 (as Valley Falls Company)Headquarters: Omaha, NebraskaChief Executive Officer: Warren BuffettMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $645.66 billion

Many people have heard of Berkshire Hathaway (BRK-A), the company headed by Warren Buffett, one of the world's richest individuals. The company's stock is one of the most expensive in the world and trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

Berkshire Hathaway was founded in 1839 as the Valley Falls Company in Rhode Island and was originally a textile manufacturing company. Buffett's involvement began in 1962 when he started buying shares in the company before assuming full control a few years later.

Berkshire Hathaway has an established record of financial success with companies that it has acquired over the years. The multinational conglomerate owns insurance companies GEICO, National Indemnity, and General Re. The assets of these three companies combined make parent Berkshire Hathaway one of the biggest insurance companies in the U.S.

Berkshire Hathaway has expanded its holdings to include companies involved in real estate, transportation, the furniture industry, and several jewelry companies—notably Helzberg Diamonds. This financial services company also diversified into the confectionery, newspaper publishing, retail, and utility industries.

American Express

Founded: 1850Headquarters: New York, New YorkChief Executive Officer: Stephen SqueriMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $118.97 billion

American Express (AXP) is one of the oldest financial firms in America, dating back to 1850. Originally, it offered freight forwarding services. Subsequently, it began providing travel services. It became one of the first companies in the world to offer charge cards and is commonly recognized by its signature gladiator logo adopted in 1958. Today, American Express, or Amex as it's more commonly known, is a Fortune 100 company and a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).

American Express continues to prosper despite competition from major rivals Visa and MasterCard, which have more aggressive credit card marketing strategies. The company has focused its attention on its credit card offerings, creating a number of co-branded cards with hotels. It provides other travel services such as traveler's checks and has ventured into the prepaid card business. The elite status of American Express is demonstrated by its ability to offer a premium Centurion card that can be had for a hefty $10,000 initial fee and a $5,000 annual fee.

Wells Fargo

Founded: 1852Headquarters: San Francisco, CaliforniaChief Executive Officer: Charles ScharfMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $169.345 billion

Wells Fargo (WFC) is a global bank and financial services company with retail and commercial banking locations across the U.S. It also has a presence in Hong Kong, London, Singapore, and Tokyo. The company is one of the largest banks by market capitalization in the United States and is among the largest 100 corporations in the United States.

Wells Fargo has the distinction of holding the first-ever bank charter issued in the U.S. The company acquired Wachovia Bank in 2008, winning out over one of its major competitors, Citigroup (C).

Despite its success and position within the sector, the company has had its fair share of scandals. One of the most notable involved branches opening 1.5 million checking, savings, and credit card accounts without the consent of customers. This was widely reported in 2016 and, as a result, Wells Fargo was slapped with $185 million in fines.

Charles Schwab

Founded: 1971Headquarters: Westlake, TexasChief Executive Officer: Walter BettingerMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $138.40 billion

In 1975, Chuck Schwab helped launch the revolution in discounted brokerage commissions. So welcome was this change by individual investors that, within a decade, his company opened approximately 100 branches, began offering 24-hour quotes and extended customer service hours, and even started researching what would become online services. Schwab became known as America's Largest Discount Broker.

Bank of America bought Charles Schwab in 1983. Chuck Schwab engineered a buy back in 1987 and then took the company public. Schwab started offering financial services for independent financial advisors as well as financial products such as the Schwab 1000 Fund®, the No-Fee IRA, and Schwab Mutual Fund OneSource® service. Schwab went live with web trading in 1996.

Today, Charles Schwab has $7.3 trillion in client assets, 33.9 million brokerage accounts (and averages 5.22 million daily trades), 1.7 million banking accounts, and serves approximately 15,000 independent advisor firms. It employs 35,200.

PayPal

Founded: 1998Headquarters: San Jose, CaliforniaChief Executive Officer: Dan SchulmanMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $108.99 billion

PayPal is one of the first fintech companies. It remains a groundbreaking member of the vanguard of the digital payment transformation. Founded in 1998, its strictly online platform lets individuals and businesses make secure financial transactions through its payment portal. It has 429 million active consumer and merchant accounts and enabled 5.5 billion payment transactions as of Q2 2022.

PayPal has struck many strategic partnerships with important financial services companies, including Visa, Bank of America, Banorte, Barclays, Citi, HSBC, JPMorgan Chase, ShinhanCard, Wells Fargo, American Express, Discover, Mastercard, FIS, Paymentus and Synchrony.

In 2019, PayPal become the first payment services company approved for online payment services in China. It continues to expand its payment services platform worldwide. In 2021, PayPal introduced Checkout with Crypto to ensure safe payments using cryptocurrencies.

Goldman Sachs

Founded: 1869Headquarters: New York, New YorkChief Executive Officer: David SolomonMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $116.32 billion

Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a global financial institution. With a goal to support sustainable economic growth and financial opportunity, it offers financial services related to investment banking, securities, investment management, and consumer banking. Its clientele is a large and diversified group that includes individuals, corporations, other financial institutions, and governments.

Goldman Sachs delivers advice and services that assist organizations with mergers and acquisitions, financing, and other transactions. Its investment research offers choice insights and analysis for clients in the equity, fixed income, currency, and commodities markets. In addition, it provides investment management solutions for wealth building that involves all major asset classes.

Goldman Sachs partnered with Apple to issue the Apple Card. The firm, along with the Apple Card, was ranked number one in customer satisfaction by the J.D. Power 2022 U.S. Credit Card Satisfaction Study.

Rocket Mortgage

Founded: 1985Headquarters: Detroit, MichiganChief Executive Officer: Jay FarnerMarket Capitalization (as of August 2022): $16.99 billion (Market capitalization for Rocket Companies, of which Rocket Mortgage is the flagship business.)

Rocket Mortgage is the self-proclaimed biggest mortgage lender in the U.S. Formerly known as Quicken Loans, it changed its name to Rocket Mortgage in 2021 to reflect its focus on helping people obtain mortgages more easily with a digital platform and innovative technology.

Rocket Mortgage introduced online mortgage lending. It offers an online application process, personalized closing time and location, 24/7 loan tracking, and award-winning customer service. In 2017, it became the largest residential mortgage lender in the U.S., beating out 30,000 others for the top spot.

In August 2022, it partnered with Q2 Holdings, a financial services firm offering digital transformation solutions for banking and lending, to provide its digital home loan application and live mortgage assistance inside of Q2’s online banking platform.

What Are Some Examples of Financial Services?

There are a variety of financial services offered by companies in the financial services sector around the world. These services involve banking, brokerage, mortgages, credit cards, payment services, real estate, taxes and accounting, and investment funds.

What Is the Biggest Financial Services Company?

Market capitalizations change all the time and, as a result, so do rankings. However, with a recent market capitalization of $430.20 billion, Visa tops the list of the worlds biggest financial services companies.

What Is the Largest U.S. Bank by Market Capitalization?

Based on a recent market capitalization of $338.47 billion, JP Morgan is the largest U.S. bank.

The Bottom Line

The financial services industry plays a crucial role in supporting healthy economies in many countries. The sector includes a range of companies that provide many kinds of financial services to both individuals and businesses.

Facilitating the flow of capital across the globe, the financial services sector is an essential part of everyday life in our modern, interconnected world.

Article Sources

Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our

editorial policy.

The Business Research. "Financial Services Market Expected To Reach Nearly $26521.67 Billion By 2022."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of Berkshire Hathaway (BRK-B)."

Berkshire Hathaway. "Berkshire — Past, Present, and Future," Pages 24-25.

Berkshire Hathaway. "Links to Berkshire Subsidiary Companies."

Disfold. "Top 30 Largest U.S. Financial Companies 2021."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of American Express (AXP)."

American Express. "Centurion Card from American Express Cardmember Agreement," Page 1.

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of Wells Fargo (WFC)."

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. "The Acquisition of Wachovia Corporation by Wells Fargo & Company."

Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance. "The Wells Fargo Cross-Selling Scandal."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of Charles Schwab (SCHW)."

About Schwab. "Company History."

About Schwab. "Who We Are."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of PayPal (PYPL)."

PayPal. "Who We Are."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of Goldman Sachs (GS)."

Goldman Sachs. "About Us."

Goldman Sachs. "What We Do."

Goldman Sachs. "Apple Card and Issuer Goldman Sachs Ranked No. 1 in Customer Satisfaction."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Market capitalization of Rocket Companies."

Rocket Companies. "About Rocket Companies."

Rocket Mortgage. "Home Financing With Certainty."

Rocket Mortgage. "Q2 Holdings and Rocket Mortgage Announce Partnership Providing Digital Home Loan Process to Banks and Credit Unions."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Largest financial services companies by market cap."

companiesmarketcap.com. "Largest banks and bank holding companies by market cap."

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Realigning the global real estate industry to help meet new foundational realities.

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2023 Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Outlook

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2023 Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Outlook

Perspectives

Digital Banking Maturity 2022

Spotlight on Singapore

Digital Banking Maturity is the largest global digital banking study, providing a comprehensive assessment of retail banks’ digital channels and furthering discussion about future developments.

Digital Banking Maturity is the largest global digital banking study, providing a comprehensive assessment of retail banks’ digital channels and furthering discussion about future developments.

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2024 banking and capital markets outlook

Banks’ strategic choices will be tested as they contend with multiple fundamental challenges to their business models. They must demonstrate conviction and agility to thrive.

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2024 global insurance outlook

Insurers evolving to address changing operating environment and precipitate even greater societal impact.

Article

2024 commercial real estate outlook: Finding terra firma

Realigning the global real estate industry to help meet new foundational realities.

Article

2023 Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Outlook

Strengthening resilience in times of uncertainty

2023 Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Outlook

Perspectives

Becoming an exponential enterprise

How financial institutions in Southeast Asia can fortify their ability to win and activate their capacity for change

Given today’s fundamentally different operating environment, the success of financial institutions will depend on their ability and willingness to transform continuously and advantageously in the face of change and disruption.

Given today’s fundamentally different operating environment, the success of financial institutions will depend on their ability and willingness to transform continuously and advantageously in the face of change and disruption.

Perspectives

Becoming an exponential enterprise

How financial institutions in Southeast Asia can fortify their ability to win and activate their capacity for change

Given today’s fundamentally different operating environment, the success of financial institutions will depend on their ability and willingness to transform continuously and advantageously in the face of change and disruption.

Given today’s fundamentally different operating environment, the success of financial institutions will depend on their ability and willingness to transform continuously and advantageously in the face of change and disruption.

Perspectives

Intelligent automation in insurance

Moving up the automation maturity curve

Insurers who have been successful at scaling tend to be those with a clear vision, strategy, and approach to capturing value from automation. In this report, we will present a four-phase approach that we have developed to help insurers move up the automation maturity curve.

Insurers who have been successful at scaling tend to be those with a clear vision, strategy, and approach to capturing value from automation. In this report, we will present a four-phase approach that we have developed to help insurers move up the automation maturity curve.

Deloitte Insights

Tech Trends 2023

Macro technology forces and the business of IT

Deloitte’s 14th annual Tech Trends report explores the impact and opportunities of emerging technologies in both innovation and foundational business areas.

Deloitte’s 14th annual Tech Trends report explores the impact and opportunities of emerging technologies in both innovation and foundational business areas.

Analysis

Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Quarterly Updates

The Deloitte Asia Pacific Centre for Regulatory Strategy is pleased to share with you the key regulatory updates from around our region.

Learn more.

Perspectives

Bank of 2030: Transform boldly

Future of banking

Bank of 2030 highlights the challenges, opportunities, and new possibilities in the future of the banking industry.

Article

Robots are here

The rise of robo-advisers in Asia Pacific

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Addressing the technology and cyber security risks associated with public cloud adoption

Perspectives

Transforming Financial Crime Management Through Technology

Article

2021 Asia Pacific Financial Services Regulatory Outlook 

The world continues to face a formidable common challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet the economic implications of and public health response to the pandemic has been varied between regions and jurisdictions.

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Climate-related risk stress testing

Today’s climate crisis urges us to rethink and reinvent our economy. Businesses need to change and meet higher expectations of sustainability, and along with this, higher expectations of their approach to risk management.

Article

Restoring Trust in Financial Services

3 key levers for conduct risk management

Article

Digital Banking Maturity 2020

Spotlight on Singapore

Perspectives

Digital banks in Asia Pacific

Adding value to financial services?

Article

Last mile of the customer service experience

The next battleground in retail banking

Article

Realizing the digital promise

Top nine challenges to digital transformation for financial institutions

Article

Realizing the digital promise

Key enablers for digital transformation in financial services

Perspectives

Realizing the digital promise

COVID-19 catalyzes and accelerates transformation in financial services

Article

2020 Asia Pacific Regulatory Outlook

Rebuilding trust in financial services

Article

Payment Services in Singapore

A summary of the local regulatory framework

This document summarises the principal regulatory obligations of different types of payment services providers in Singapore.

Perspectives

Blockchain for Investment Managers

Are we there yet?

Article

The future of digital payments

Choices to consider for a new ecosystem

Customers are used to seamless payments for most daily transactions – with ever-increasing expectations for integrated and secure ways to pay for any product or service. For players in the digital payments ecosystem across Southeast Asia, that means a set of real choices to consider.

Article

Project Ubin – SGD on Distributed Ledger

The future is here

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Solutions

Centre for Regulatory Strategy, Asia Pacific

The Deloitte Centre for Regulatory Strategy is a source of critical insight and advice, designed to help clients to anticipate change and respond with confidence to the strategic and aggregate impact of national and international regulatory policy.

IFRS 17

The IASB published a new standard, IFRS 17 'Insurance Contracts' on Thursday 18 May. The key task for insurers right now is to make the appropriate implementation decisions. Read the report to learn more.

Consulting

Innovation, transformation, and leadership occur in many ways. The ability to solve complex issues is critical. Together, we can help you imagine, deliver, and run your business, wherever you compete, using the latest technologies like cloud and cognitive, from strategy development through implementation.

Insurance in Southeast Asia

Deloitte’s insurance group in Southeast Asia brings together specialists with deep industry knowledge from actuarial, risk, operations, technology, tax and audit.

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Financial Services

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Now more than ever, as we plan for a post-COVID-19 world, financial services will need to harness the power of technology to transform and grow, while meeting future customer expectations.

Our strength lies in the proven power of our people and technology, and the possibilities that arise when they converge to reframe the future. Our deep sector knowledge combined with a holistic point of view delivers true value from strategy through to implementation. Whether your business challenge is simple or complex, small or large, we can be trusted to deliver solutions that work - today and tomorrow.

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